Problem of Stereotype Essay

Stereotypes may lead ineffective communication when we communicate with strangers. Our stereotypes tend to be activated automatically when we categorize strangers and when we are not communicating mindfully (see von Hippel, Sekaquaptewa, & Vargas, 1995). We, therefore, unconsciously try to confirm our expectations when we communicate with strangers. Our stereotypes constrain strangers’ patterns of communication and engender stereotype-confirming communication. In other words, stereotypes create self-fulfilling prophecies. We tend to see behavior that confirms our expectations even when it is absent. We ignore disconfirming evidence when communicating on automatic pilot. When we communicate on automatic pilot, we do not cognitively process all the information about others that is available to us (Johnston & Macrae, 1994). Generally, the greater our cultural and linguistic knowledge, and the more our beliefs overlap with those of the strangers with whom we communicate, the less the likelihood there will be misunderstandings. To increase our accuracy in making prediction, we must try to understand which social identity is guiding strangers’ behavior in a particular situation. And to be effective in communication with strangers, we must keep our minds open and be mindful. Since stereotypes are a natural product of the communication process, they influence the way we process information. Stereotyping is the result of our tendency to overestimate the degree of association between group membership and psychological attributes. While there may be some association between group membership and psychological characteristics of members, it is much smaller than we assume when we communicate on automatic pilot. When we communicate on automatic pilot, we interpret incoming messages on the basis of the symbolic systems we learned as children. Besides, our processing of information is biased in the direction of maintaining the preexisting belief systems. We remember more favorable information about our ingroups and more unfavorable information about outgroups (Hewstone & Giles, 1986). So we tend to process information that is consistent with our stereotypes and our stereotypes

Common Core Standards Essay

Much like the runways of Paris with its changing fashion trends, the world of education follows trends as well. Educators cringe when they hear â€Å"No Child Left Behind† some ten years beyond its advent. Now, the phrases â€Å"Common Core† and â€Å"Student Learning Objectives† have teachers seeing red. However, despite the latest and greatest trends to boost student achievement, the very same students in the United States continue to underperform on a global scale in Mathematics. In 2012, the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) bore out results that â€Å"29 nations and jurisdictions outperformed the United States by a statistically significant margin,† (Heiten, 2013). In order for our students to rise to a position high on the performance scale of nations, students must master the basics in all subjects, but more specifically in the area of Mathematics. In an effort to develop students with a deeper understanding of mathematical and language and reading concepts, forty-five states (my home state of Maryland being one of them) and the District of Columbia have adopted the Common Core Standards, a system of expected benchmarks for students in grades K-12. According to the Common Core State Standards Initiative website, the standards â€Å"define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K-12 education careers so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry-level, credit-bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs,† (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2014). The local statistics mirror the national data. Both present conditions which are symptomatic of a larger systemic problem; American students are not mastering mathematical concepts at any level. The learning environment is a fourth grade inclusion classroom in a neighborhood school in the suburban Washington, D.C. (Maryland) area. Students in the class are differently abled. The class has students with Individualized Learning Plans (IEP) to accommodate varying needs from Asperger’s Syndrome to mild intellectual disabilities. There are also students who have been tested and identified as Talented and Gifted (TAG), as well as on grade level learners. Students are taught in whole group, differentiated small groups, and occasional pull out sessions with specialists. Current Conditions There are twenty-one students in the fourth grade inclusion classroom. All students took a standardized unit test in October 2013 that tested the Common Core Standards taught in the first quarter of the 2013-2014 school year. Of these, Standard 4.OA.B – Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1–100. Recognize that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors. Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1–100 is a multiple of a given one-digit number. Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1–100 is prime or composite, (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2014), only 20% scored at a level of â€Å"proficient† on standardized (MUST Test Result Data, 2013). The lack of proficiency in this standard is symptomatic of the underlying condition I have encountered; students have not yet mastered basic multiplication facts. Without mastery of basic multiplication facts 0-12, students are unable to manipulate and perform operations on fractions and decimals and subsequent pre-algebra concepts in the latter half of fourth grade and continuing into following grades through high school. Desired Conditions The current conditions for the fourth grade class is at 20% of students who have performed at a â€Å"proficient† level of mastery in basic mathematical facts. This is equivalent to a grade of 80%, or a â€Å"B†, in traditional percentage and letter grading systems used in the US. The desired state of performance is the inverse of the current statistics; 80% should have mastery at a level of proficient or advanced and 20% performing at minimal or below grade level standards. After mastering basic facts, students will be able to not only identify multiples and factors of numbers 1-100, they will also be able to perform operations on fractions and later, algebraic statements. Data Collection Processes Discussion of Data Collection Instruments The designer developed a survey for teachers of grades three through five in order to help determine where problems or areas of deficiency are in current math. The first two questions asked the percentage of their students who are currently proficient in accuracy and automaticity in multiplication facts. In other questions, respondents ranked their responses using a Likert Scale,  which helped to identify their attitude on the necessity of students mastering basic multiplication facts currently in order to develop a deeper understanding of current and future mathematical concepts. In the questionnaire, respondents were asked to rank what they believe to be their students’ biggest challenges in mastering this specific standard. Questions also asked the extent to which computer aided instruction is used in helping aid in mastery of multiplication facts. In getting answers to these questions, I will use the data to identify several factors; impact of teacher’s attitude t oward remediating students in basic facts that should have been mastered in the previous grade, and time dedicated to instruction and practice in this particular standard. Discussion of Sources of Data Six intermediate elementary (grades three through five) classroom teachers who instruct students in mathematics answered the survey and questionnaire. Students of these teachers range from those with special needs, general education needs, and also students identified as â€Å"Talented and Gifted† (TAG). Data Gathered Through Other Sources Quantitative data was gathered from the Prince George’s County Public Schools Mandatory Unit Systems Test (MUST) in Mathematics administered countywide to fourth grade students in 146 elementary schools. Specific data used in this needs analysis was limited to one fourth grade inclusion classroom, Lake Arbor Elementary, where the designer is the teacher. The designer collected further quantitative data from the same inclusion class on timed multiplication tests where twenty-two students answered 100 multiplication facts (0-12) problems in five minutes. Data Analysis Techniques Used The survey and questionnaire were designed to gather data that would substantiate the need for students to master basic multiplication skills in intermediate elementary grades. The survey was used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data based on teachers giving percentage results of students’ current level of performance. Teachers also ranked what they believed would improve their teaching of mathematics in the classroom. The questionnaire was designed to gather data on teachers’  attitudes of the importance of student mastery of basic multiplication facts. The questionnaire also served as a tool to gain input on the challenges the believe limit their students from performing on grade level in mathematics, particularly in mastering basic multiplication facts. Finally, teachers were given the opportunity to answer an open-ended question, which gauged their attitude toward the importance of mastery of basic multiplication facts in the modern world and classroom . Results of Analysis Question one of the survey asked what percentage of your students can answer basic multiplication facts with accuracy on most occasions. Findings of Needs Analysis While a majority of respondents determined mastery of basic multiplication facts as â€Å"essential for success in their current grade,† it is of note that two teachers said mastery of basic facts are â€Å"desirable, but not as important as in past year.† This information would indicate teachers’ attitudes are moving away memorization of facts, possibly due to the  widespread availability of technological applications that students can or will use in the classroom and later in life. The attitude towards the lowering of importance of rote memory skills for facts reflects the larger societal dependence on technology. Applications on smartphones and mobile devices are becoming increasingly used in place of mental math and are utilized both by the current generation of students in elementary school now, but also by the newer generation of teachers who instruct them. To further deepen the understanding of the philosophical shift in importance of memorization of multiplication facts, teachers were asked if they administered timed multiplication tests in their classroom. Furthermore, teachers were asked if they encourage an atmosphere of healthy competition for mastery of the facts amongst their students. While all six respondents reported that they do administer timed multiplication tests, only one teacher stated that there was an atmosphere of â€Å"healthy competition† amongst her students where they challenge one another to higher levels of performance. The information suggests that while teachers are still administering the tests as part of regular instruction, the instructors’ attitude of the importance of them as a way to aid in student mastery of facts is evidenced in the lack of encouragement by both teacher and students to achieve at higher levels. Finally in the questionnaire, teachers were asked to rank factors they believe to be the biggest challenge(s) their students face that prevent them from performing on grade level in their current math instruction. The two most common responses amongst all respondents cited both a lack of support from parents in practice of math facts and a lack of basic understanding and mastery of basic mathematical facts from addition and subtraction up to division and multiplication as the biggest barriers to student success. Goal of Instruction Given practice in automaticity and accuracy, fourth grade students will be able to independently complete 100 multiplication problems of basic facts 0-12 in five minutes time with an increase in automaticity and accuracy of 50% over a ten-week period as measured by a pre-test and post-test assessments. Having this knowledge will enable students to manipulate and perform operations on fractions and mixed numbers, as well as deepen their knowledge of factors and multiples for future instruction.

Testing the Principle of Proxemics

I went to a Tim Horton set beside a woman. I set in a casual distance of 2. 5 to 3 feet next to her without talking. She looked at me and smile. Without talking I started observing her. She had a quick and careful glance at me, a suspicious look. She seemed scared and not normal. By looking at her face, I felt that probably she takes drugs. Without saying anything, she just walked out. The way she walked out, it seemed like she got scared of me for some reason. Next day I went to the same place and set facing a man who was alone.Without talking to that man I started reading the newspaper (just to show him that I am reading newspaper, actually I was observing him). He looked at me multiple times and was smiling. Seemed like he wanted to start a conversation. The goal of interview is to gather information which typically designed to allow the interviewer to learn about the interviewee in a non-threatening way. On the other side an interrogation is a more aggressive interview, in the se nse that the same ultimate goal is present as with an interview, but the means of reaching that goal take on a slightly different feel.The role of proxemics in meeting these goals are very significant. Increasing the amount of eye contact, the feeling of comfort and the amount of verbal response by the interviewee have been goals of investigators in designing interview situations. There is less eye contact at closer distances and less eye contact when the interview is conducted in a large room. In one study, when the interview was performed at distances between the interviewer and interviewee of 2 feet, 4'/z feet, and 9 feet, the greatest amount of talking by the interviewee occurred at 9 feet.Rapport always affects the quality of the interviewing process. It is a productive interpersonal climate. By building report both parties in an interview get along with each other which makes the interview more successful. An interviewee is more likely to cooperate with someone with whom they feel comfortable and to bring this comfort rapport is an essential thing. Rapport-building establishes harmony in the interview, leads to free discussion and creates willingness in the mind of the interviewee.Some forms of non-verbal communications for developing rapport are given bellow: 1. Smile 2. Eye contract. 3. Good Posture. 4. Tone of Voice Good eye contact and confidence are the personal qualities of the interviewer that enable him or her to conduct successful interrogations. Also an interviewer should be able to listen what the interviewee is saying, and know how to engage them in an active conversation with encouragement, energy, and interest.

Bond Market Indexation Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Bond Market Indexation Strategy - Essay Example of returns, inflation protected securities are mainly government issued bonds whereby the inflation is adjusted according to the principal on each bond (Pistolese Clifford, 16). Protection of inflation is the major motivation for investing in IPS either in a global basis or single market. Moreover, there is an enhanced alpha potential and diversification in a global approach to inflation protected security. Pistolese Clifford added that, inflation pressure comes as a result of many sources that exist in both local and global economies (16). But traditional bond are not regarded as inflation adjusted. Inflation can therefore reduce the return of investment of traditional equity as only some inflation percentage may be considered through equity returns. In conclusion, not only global IPS protects against prolonged inflation demands but also improve alpha potential as well as diversification to global bond

Italian SME footwear company (Supply Chain and Logistics Management) Assignment

Italian SME footwear company (Supply Chain and Logistics Management) - Assignment Example The firm therefore adapted the use of third-party logistics functions. In the modern business age, the global environment has become very competitive requiring companies to deal with several different sources so as to ensure customer satisfaction as well as their own success. Such competitiveness is what has called for strategic plans such as use of third party logistics providers (Rodrigo 2012: 12).With such an approach, one has to look at both the benefits and disadvantages of the approach. In covering the benefits, it isnecessary to evaluate whether such decisions would be easily assimilated by the company.That is, issues such as product availability, labor force, meeting of customer expectations the third party logistics capabilities would have to be considered, amongst others that may arise in the process.Supply chains do not only involve materials, logistics, ICT and facilities but also include people in charge of operations or people involved in the chain operations. Thus, a m anufacture should always consider â€Å"supplying people† when designing the supply chain. That is, considering the right human expertise in the supply chain. Question 1 In analysis and evaluation of the Baldinini srl strategy, major focus will be on the effect towards the company’s performance. ... ms of inventory management, Baldinini stands a chance of lowering costs associated with storage, moving in and out of their products into the inventory. Most of all, the company is lifted off the burden of tax accumulation generated by increasing value of products included in the inventory. It becomes way affordable and manageable to hire a 3pl provider. In terms of company and customer relationships, the end receivers of Baldinini products fail to realize the company, this works negatively for Baldinini. Question 2 Traditionally, several companies have seen their advantage in competitiveness as a derivative from their product or services that they provide. With time, however this has changed as products and services become replicated by the day (Keifer, 2012).This possesses a greater risk of competing with counterfeits causing companies to shutter in their own market place. Several companies now no longer see their competitive advantage as a result of their products and services but as a result of how they run their businesses (Keifer, 2012). Supply Chain Management (SCM) plays a specific role in meeting customer demands, developing strategies, proper management of inventory, control of production orders and also maximization of customer fulfillment. One fundamental of SCM is the SCM Objectives. Supply chain management aims to meet rising customer demands or increase it in target markets. It also includes optimization of the supply chain with as minimum cost as possible, Nitl (2008).This approach maintains that a company should clearly understand their customer needs and also have a clear view of their market place. By having the objectives figured out, a company already possesses upper hand in the market place.By doing so, a company eliminates unnecessary activities

Leadership Skills Required For A Large Multi-Department Organisation Essay - 4

Leadership Skills Required For A Large Multi-Department Organisation - Essay Example To analyze the leadership response to trends and tensions, the paper looks at transformational and transactional leadership, and the leadership qualities needed to overcome changes trends and tensions. The skills to be analyzed will emphasize on building effective LMX, and becoming a transformational leader. The conclusion provides a logical summary of the contemporary leadership skills required for a transformational leader in a large multi-department organization. According to Halinen and Tornroos, the current business world has changed significantly compared to a decade or so ago. Furthermore, the aspect of new economy and globalization introduces continuous change, and this might indicate that organizations need to regularly monitor their strategies to incorporate change. Heller highlights that the new economy requires restructuring and reorganization of a former economy of primary extraction of resource and transformation of the industry. Leading within the environmental context characterized by globalization and a new economy, Brooks, reveals that leaders are expected to be swift in identifying resulting global and local tensions to avoid accepting a traditional isolationist status quo expecting success. Additionally, leaders must learn to balance their responsibilities within a global society with national and global interests. In this case, multi-department leaders are expected to simultaneously make long-term investments while continuously achieving short-term results. According to Phelps & Wood, global interests come with the integration of global economy which involves orchestration of business processes from above by an emergent transnational class which neglects autonomous involvements by sub-national opinionated coalitions reconciling between local and global welfare.

All firms, in the end, are run to make the most profit they can Essay

All firms, in the end, are run to make the most profit they can - Essay Example According to Primeaux and Stieber (1994), it is the ethical mandate of a business to try and achieve maximum profit. They argue that good business and good ethics are synonymous and that ethics and business are intricately linked. According to them, there are certain rules of business, which every business must follow. Profit maximization is one such rule and hence it is the ethical duty of a business to follow it. According to the economics theory of profit maximization, a firm should increase its output until its marginal revenue is equal to its marginal cost. Marginal revenue is the extra revenue that an additional unit of product would bring in. Marginal cost is the rise in cost that producing this additional unit would result in. A firm cannot indefinitely go on increasing its output. Initially, even at zero output, the firm would incur certain costs, such as cost of equipment, maintenance and rent. As the number of units produced increases, the cost goes up. However, at a certain level of output, the revenue from these goods starts to go down. Hence, maximum profit is obtained at the point where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. Coming back to different types of businesses, let us explore why profit maximization is a must for them irrespective of their operating conditions. Let us consider the case of a firm operating in a monopolistic market.... Let us take the case of not-for-profit (NPO) organization. It is goal of such a firm to work for the benefit of the society. However, this requires money. Many NPOs rely on external source of funding such as government funds, grants and charities. However, these sources of income are neither reliable nor predictable. Hence, the organization must use whatever funds it has judiciously so that they can make the money last as long as possible. This is only possible by following the principle of profit maximization. So even though explicitly, the firms aim is not to make profit, it must, in the end, adopt profit maximization techniques in order to remain in business and achieve its stated goals. Similarly, a cooperative would want to maximize profits so as to achieve enough surpluses over its costs so that all its members can achieve some income. This is important, because the members of a cooperative need some incentive to remain in the cooperative other than for the good of the society. Even if all the members of a cooperative are willing to forego personal income, the firm would still need to make profits so as to have some operating cash at hand. In a private firm, the entire liability of the business is on the owner or the joint owners. Since, in such a firm, there are only a limited number of owners, all of whom may be either related to one another or known to each, the liability shared by these shareholders or owners becomes unlimited. Hence, if the business goes bankrupt, all the shareholders would suffer. If this firm has sole proprietorship, then the risk is even greater.

Analysis of a drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of a drama - Essay Example The play effectively demonstrates these conditions by providing realistic situations and scenarios to the readers. Through the play, Ibsen sheds the light on and examines the lives of the three women from different socioeconomic classes: Nora, an affluent wife of an attorney; Mrs. Linde, a middle class woman who surrenders love to acquire riches for her family; and the nanny, a struggling lower- class citizen who gives up her integrity for the sake of her children. Although Ibsen dose not clearly state these sacrifices in words, he paints vivid images of the bitterness these women endure emotionally through their actions and reactions to the things that happen around them. In the first part, we are introduced to a character named Nora, an economically advantaged housewife to an oppressive husband, Torvald Helmer. Although it may appear that Nora has all that she wants in life, she nonetheless is forced to endure a difficult and emotionally unhappy life. Trapped in a society that predetermines the men to be the dominant partner in a marriage, Nora is forced to concede to Torvald’s condescending actions and words towards her. He not only governs her personal life, he also questions her management of money and constantly finds new excuses to insult her family. Torvald screams at Nora during Act I: You are an odd little soul. Very much like your father. You†¨always find some new way of wheedling money out of me, and, as†¨soon as you have got it, it seems to melt in your hands. You†¨never know where it has gone. Still, one must take you as you†¨are. It is in the blood; for indeed it is true that you can†¨inherit these things, Nora. (Ibsen,442) Torvald’s tyrannical dictatorship over Nora in this relationship epitomizes a marriage in society during Ibsen’s time. The actually location of this relationship in the play coupled with Nora’s stubbornness and unwillingness to submit

PMD#3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PMD#3 - Essay Example It will also be important to map the stakeholders’ expectations to ensure that we really comprehend what it is that they expect out of the project. Mapping these expectations out accurately will require the ability to listen skillfully and decipher what the stakeholders want. In this case, it will be prudent to ask the questions through senior management. The expectations of the stakeholder will soon be classified as unrealistic and realistic (Eskerod & Jepsen 22). Managing realistic expectations by the stakeholders will entail making sure that they can be fulfilled, while also ensuring that the stakeholders know their expectations are being met. The communication plan will need to give the correct information in the correct manner to the correct stakeholder (Eskerod & Jepsen 24). With regards to unrealistic expectations, these are not likely to be met and, therefore, these expectations will have to be changed. This will be done by offering better information through the development of a communication plan that provides the stakeholder with the right information in a believable fashion. However, this will have to be tactful since it will sometimes involve communicating it upwards to senior management (Eskerod & Jepsen 24). Management of procurement procedures will require the establishment of a governing council whose purpose will be to give directions that will align the procurement strategy with the overall strategy. The procurement department will also have to be aligned and staffed to maximize its effectiveness, while also benefiting the company (Baily 32). In this case, it would also be wise to place forecasting, contract management, logistics, and procurement under one departmental leader. It will also suffice to make technology work for the organization by reviewing processes that may need improvement, and choosing the correct technology for it. In addition, the organization, through the procurement department, should establish links and

International relations Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International relations - Article Example This section uses realism theory to explain relationships among state and non-state actors in the international system. Realism is based on the idea that the international system exists according to the Hobbestian state of nature, which is anarchic and brutal. There is no centralized authority in the system. The influential states have powers that they use to subjugate the poor and powerless in the system. The paper evaluates three supranational regimes in order to understand the theory in detail. States agree to form governments that control internal affairs. It is not surprising that any sovereign state has the power to enforce and prescribe laws. These powers are limited in the international system because there is no Leviathan that controls the activities of all members. The manner in which African states and other developing countries conduct politics is a matter of great concern when it comes to the issue of classical realism. From liberalists’ point of view, the drives to power and will to dominate is based on liberty in which peoples’ freedom to determine the nature of politics is given priority in the society. According to Kenneth Waltz and Wendt, people are free to elect the leader they want. They are also at liberty to contribute to the government without restrictions. Neorealist focuses on the international system in which states are considered as the key actors. ... The difference between classical realism and neo-realism is based on how they view the causes of conflict in international relations. Classical realism view unchanging human nature and self-interest as the major causes of conflict in international relations while neo-realism consider state anarchy as the major cause of conflict in international relations (Harrison 89). Question 3: Persistent underdevelopment The dependency theory is utilized in international relations to predict dependency in third world countries. Dependency has been defined as a condition in which the growth and expansion of an economy is conditioned or determined by growth and expansion of another economy. This means that a dependent state cannot experience a self-sustaining development that is; it cannot be self-reliant because its economy is a reflection of the developed state’s economy. The process of dependency is sustained by foreign aid including technical assistance and military aid. The aid does not enhance the economy but it strengthens dependency relations. The aid further marginalizes the dependent countries since they create permanent debts. Marxists argue that neither mercantilism nor liberalism guarantee human happiness this is because the owners of the means of production control the markets whereas the state is the property of the elite. It therefore postulates that people should determine their own destiny through collectivization of interests (Allen and Thomas 69). Liberalism argues that politics and economics have no relationship whatsoever. The market according to liberalists is self-regulating because it operates on its internal logics. It claims that the market

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALTSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALTSIS - Essay Example Section 2 provides a comparative analysis of the impact of IFRS’ adoption on financial reporting quality and capital market). Section 3 evaluates the consequences and overall impact of adoption of the IFRS in EU and Section 4 is concluding part of the essay. Accounting quality is an important aspect of financial reporting as this information serves as a strategic source for stakeholders and influences their decisions. With the adoption of the IFRS the rules and norms of financial reporting have been changed and modified, causing different opinions among various groups of stakeholders (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). It is widely debated whether the adoption of the IFRS has improved the quality of financial reporting among the EU firms (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). Thus, for example, several researchers have analysed the impact of IFRS adoption and the change in cash flows and net income, and concluded that the companies applying IAS have more value relevance of earnings, less earnings management and more timely loss recognition between the period before and after adoption of IFRS (Barth et al 2008; Christensen, Lee & Walker, 2008). These researchers believe that reliance of the IFRS leads to higher accounting quality, how ever, only in case of the firms are incentivised to be transparent and to adopt IFRS (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). According to Christensen, Lee & Walker (2008), the firms, which were forced to adopt the IFRS, did not show improvements in accounting quality. Some researchers have identified some potential problems associated with the IFRS adoption and financial reporting quality. One of the concerns related to IFRS adoption and its impact on the accounting quality is associated with risk of different interpretations of IFRS (Lopes, Cerqueira, and Brandao, 2010). Researchers determined some of the following areas for possible variations in interpretation: intangible

Theology Reflection Paper Essay Example for Free

Theology Reflection Paper Essay Introduction For my two topics I choose The Nature of God and Sin Nature (the nature of man). The two topics are obviously complete opposites but as a child most of what I knew about God came from the sinful nature of family that I looked up to and later how I learned to recognize and pray for my current sinful nature was from learning the actual Nature of God. In this paper I will explain how the two topics connected with my life and how this study has help me understand both topics even more. Formerly, when you did not know God, you were enslaved to those that by nature are not gods. But now that you have come to know God, or rather to be known by God (Galatians 4:8). The Nature of God The Nature of God is truly understood with the Holy Spirit and the study of God’s Word. Supremacy, Omniscience, Omnipotence, Omnipresence are just a few words that describe the Nature of God. To truly know God is to fear him and be in awe of him. To the King of the ages, immortal, invisible, the only God, be honor and glory forever and ever. Amen (1Timothy 1:17). I was raised in a Gypsy culture which led to many terrible understandings in the outside world. One huge misunderstanding is that I had of the nature of God. As a gypsy child we would listen to many stories from â€Å"successful†Ã‚  elders in hopes of learning some great secret to help us. Many of these stories involved superstitions and the justification of doing bad things to get a head. One story that helped justify such acts was that as Jesus Christ was being crucified a gypsy boy stole one of the nails intended to be used to nail Jesus to the cross. We were told because of this Jesus forgives us for like sins that we commit to live our life in the gypsy culture. This story and mentality really affected the view I had of the Nature of God and the life I should live. The Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you (John 14:26). It is pretty clear to me now that the understanding we all had back then was not due to the Holy Spirit. After being adopted by a Baptist preacher and actually being saved I started my journey to understand the Nature of God. The current understanding I have of the Nature of God has taken 15 years to create. Every day God reveals his nature to me with current issues, reviewing my past and with studying God’s Word. Sin Nature The sinful nature wants to do evil, which is just the opposite of what the Spirit wants (Galatians 5:17). Sin Nature is something mankind cannot combat without the Spirit. For I know that good itself does not dwell in me, that is, in my sinful nature. For I have the desire to do what is good, but I cannot carry it out (Romans 7:18). Sinful Nature has been passed down all the way back to Adam. But one’s personal Sin Nature can find its roots much closer to present time. I have found that I share most of my sinful struggles with my father, Tommy. Tommy, has been married over 12 times is an alcoholic and addicted to drugs and violence. But all of these sinful destructive traits are easy to avoid for a son that has a clear picture of what happens to a man with such habits. But the issue that wasn’t as known is Tommy’s addiction to porn. My journey with porn started at an early age and is rooted deep within me. This sin nature has defeated over 20 relationships with distorted visions of sex. I do not understand what I do. For what I want to do I do not do, but what I hate I do (Romans 7:15). As my father before me I could fall into the same traps of multiple marriages and violence, but because of the knowledge I have of God’s Nature and the Holy Spirit inside of me I can combat said sin with knowledge. Those who  live according to the flesh have their minds set on what the flesh desires; but those who live in accordance with the Spirit have their minds set on what the Spirit desires (Romans 8:5). Conclusion In the 11th chapter of Core Christianity, Elmer Towns says â€Å"Whenever Christianity touches a culture in a significant way; there is always a change in a positive way.† Being raised in one culture that was not truly touched by Christianity and then adopted into a completely different culture that was truly touched by Christ I have personally felt and seen the positive effects Christianity has when it touches a life or culture. In chapter 5 of Core Christianity, Elmer Towns speaks to One Door—Two Sides. In most of his book but especially in this section E. Towns, highlights my now Reformed Perspective God has revealed to me. I now have a better understanding of The Nature of God and how truly blessed I am, The Lord is my strength and my shield; in him my heart trusts, and I am helped; my heart exults, and with my song I give thanks to him {Psalm 28:7)

Organisational Culture of Healthcare Organisation

Organisational Culture of Healthcare Organisation Ethical Organization Introduction: In this paper, I have described about the Sauk Village Community Health Care Center, which is an ethical organization. Apart from this, the paper includes the mission statement, vision statement and code of ethics. It also reveals the interrelationship between the mission, vision and code of ethics. The paper also describes about the organizational culture, leadership and oversight about measuring the organization performance Description of the Organization The Sauk Village Community Health Care Center is an ethical organization, which provides services related to the job training, shelter, education, food, clothing, medical treatment and other different types of counseling. Its clientele includes elderly people, teen mothers, disabled and peoples without home. It also includes people from the low income group. This is basically a non profit organization, receiving funds from the grants by the government. Mission Statement Its mission statement is based on the ethical grounds. Mission statement reflects the objectives of the organization, which are: Safe guarding the clients well being and health belonging to the community of Sauk Village; It especially includes those who are in greater needs. The next objective is to extend its services all over the community in Sauk Village in order to provide short and long term care to the people suffering from the complex and chronic health related problems and also to those suffering from economic and social problems. The main aim of this health center is to offer help and care to those people who are not getting help from anywhere. This organization helps its community to prosper and grow. This is done by: Proper Implementation of policy formulated by government. By Continuing the development of Program By growing the capacity of service provided By Having a adequate staffing Assisting people in living separately without depending on others. By making the outcomes better through screening, prevention and early intervention. By Assisting people in reducing homelessness Ethical aspect of mission: Its mission statement reflects the ethical system as it states that the existence of the company is for the protection of the well being of its clients. Therefore, no harm can occur either physically or mentally to the clients through the policy of discrimination or bias by the organization. The company is committed in providing best care for all the people who are in need. The company’s supreme goal is to provide right and appropriate health care on time from the superior staff so that they can easily overcome their ill health. The mission statement covey that the organization is with the people of community in each and every respect whether it’s mental health, education, training related to job and health and helping clients in becoming independent members of the community. Apart from this, the organization doesn’t allow any discrimination based on the caste, color and pay scale. Hence, the objectives of its mission statement are reflected in all its programs, activities and services. Value Statement The value statement of the organization is to concentrate on the clients by putting their efforts towards the betterment of their welfare and treating the people with due respect and dignity. This organization believes in performing best and improving the means of doing the things. Being a provider of health and human services, its value statement says that its workers are committed in achieving the best results. Apart from this, it will not differentiate client based on the age, race, sexual orientation or sex. The organization believes in providing excellent solution to the clients and the community. These value statements form the important part of the organization as these values are capable of encouraging actions. Moral aspect of Value Statement: The value statement formulated by the organization is ethical as this persuades workers to treat people in the right manner. Therefore, value statement is morally correct. The value statement shows the close association with the mission statement as value statement relates to the welfare of the community and clients. The mission and the value statement directs in doing best for the people without any biasness or injustice. The organization approach to provide the services depends on the following: RELATIONSHIPS – it is an important factor in establishing the trust and nurturing clients and other people in the community that the organization serves. SUPERIORITY – it gains superiority by providing best outcomes. RESPONSIBILITY – the organization is self responsible in taking self regulated action in order to achieve the success. SERVICE – the organization provides fair and equal services to all its clients LEARNING – the organization is committed towards the learning as it adopts the changes and brings new creativity. Code of Ethics The code of ethics of Sauk Village Community Health Care Center comprises of the following elements: Sheer Commitment towards the Diversity Abstain from any sorts of discrimination Abide by the Law Sustaining competency and expertise in management by implementation of the assessment program and through the various education schemes. Interest of all is taken care of i.e. no Conflicts are related to the interest Requesting for funds under ethical consideration Treating Volunteers with respect and dignity similar to the staff The process of Hiring is done in accordance with the assenting guidelines of action Using Code of ethics for the benefit of the profession and not for self-centered reasons Evading from the misuse of professional relationships for private benefits The code of ethics is capable of inspiring tangible outcome from the employees; this is so because to work properly for the organization, these serve as the guidelines which they are supposed to follow. And also, they would expect the same thing if they would have been the volunteer or client. Code of ethics shows the close relation with the mission and the value statement of the organization as all these three are aimed at protecting the health and welfare of the people. All these do not favor discrimination based on caste, creed and age. All These things help in providing the client best possible health care. As per the value statement, clients are treated with respect. Organization Culture Organizational culture is a set of characteristics that are commonly shared by people in the organization. Such characteristics may be in the forms of assumptions, beliefs, values and norms which are known as abstract elements of culture. As my organization is related to the human healthcare and services, I would plan to promote the culture of my organization on the basis of good health care of our clients. The employees of the organization would share the beliefs and values of each other along with that of organization. The culture of the organization would be based on some factors such as innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness, stability, etc. (Prasad, 2008). In order to develop ethical culture, I would develop an understanding among all the staff members about the fact that union is strength. If we will work together, we will definitely achieve the goals of the organization. The culture of the organization would institutionalize the values of the organization because it regularly encourages the staff member to follow the values, beliefs and mission of the organization for the clients. By this way, it would be possible for us to provide the best health service within the low cost structure to the patients. Leadership Leadership is the process of influencing the behavior of others to work willingly and enthusiastically for achieving predetermined goals. At the post of the leader, a person is largely responsible for the culture of the organization. In some organizations, managers assume that they are not a leader, but as they are managers, the employees of the organization ultimately follow their behavior. Leadership is an important factor for making any type of organization successful. Without a good leader and leadership process, a manager cannot function effectively and efficiently (Gupta, 2007). My way of leadership is based on the participative style. In this style, I take decisions after consulting with my followers and after their participation in the decision-making process. I involve my group members in the decisions on the feasibility and workability of an idea. I believe that their co-operation in the attainment of organizational goals can be enlisted only if they are committed to the organization, and that commitment can be ensured only by an honest and open communication of ideas with them and by the development of a team spirit. I encourage my subordinates to function as a social unit, and make full use of their talents and abilities. I encourage subordinates to exercise high degrees of responsibility and freedom. They use as little authoritarian control as possible and are concerned with group relationship as well as getting the job done. They do not delegate their right to make final decisions and to give specific directives to their subordinates, but to seek the ir thoughts and opinions on many decisions that affect them. By this way, I cultivate the decision-making abilities of my subordinates and encourage them to increase their abilities to exercise self-control and urge them to assume greater responsibility for guiding their own efforts (Prasad, 2008). This style is very useful in many ways. When workers feel that their ideas are important and are being made use of, they feel considerably committed to change in which they have participated. Workers also develop a greater feeling of self-esteem. They maximize their potential in creative and productive ways and experience personal satisfaction and accomplishment of their tasks. Further, when most people are given a little freedom, they develop and grow in personality and job competence. Often they will take on more responsibilities than their job descriptions call for because of the pleasure they take in their work. I adopt a helpful attitude toward my subordinates. In this leadership style, I delegate as much responsibility to the members of the work team as their experience and knowledge will permit. I place emphasis on results rather than on an action. My philosophy is: â€Å"It is not always how a job gets done that is important but that the job does get done.† I show my concern towards the employees and thereby gain their respect. The role communication is very much important in establishing my leadership style. Without proper communication, the decisions cannot be made and delegated effectively. Effective communication creates workable understanding and agreement between two persons. I believe that full co-operation from the subordinates can only be achieved when there is clarity in communication. Proper and effective communication helps in building a trust worthy relationship between the leader and the subordinates. Effective leadership communication can be accomplished only when it has credibility. If I want to become a good leader, it is essential for me to be a good listener. By this way, I not only give chance to my subordinates to speak but also gather useful information for further communication. If the communication between my subordinates and me is not effective, I will not be able to guide and motivate them properly so as to accomplish the organizational goals. I will give incentives and bonus to th e employees on the basis of their performances. As a leader, it is my moral responsibility to follow the ethics and check the behavior of followers and culture of organization and make sure that everything is going right according to the ethics of the organization. As a leader, it is very essential for me to adopt the code of ethics, so that my followers will do the same. Oversight In order to maintain the ethical standard and evaluate the performance of the employees, I will conduct a periodical performance evaluation program. This would include weakly evaluation, monthly evaluation and yearly evaluation. On the basis of this evaluation, the employees would also get the appraisal and other compensation and benefits in the organization. I will conduct one on one interview with my staff in which I will discuss about the performance, strength, weaknesses and opportunity areas of the staff member and also provide suggestion, ideas and opinions to improve their performance. I will also give the grades or marks to the employees according to their performance and maintain a chart, which would help me to analyze the performance and improvement area of the employee. In place of oversight, I will put the system of ethical counseling board. They will give an opinion to me and my staff member in the circumstance when the ethics would not be followed. In order to handle th e other business issues like fund raising increases and decreases in the resources, there will a committee of board of directors in my organization (Kettner, 2002). Conclusion From the study, it can be concluded that the mission, vision and code of ethics form the core for an organization. These serve as the guiding tool for the employees and help them in providing direction in order to satisfy their clients in best possible manner. For better conduction and coordination among the employees, organizational culture plays a vital role. Apart from this, in order to make the organization successful, effective leadership is required. And in order to evaluate the performance of the employees and maintaining the ethical standard, periodical performance evaluation plays a vital role. Therefore, all these factors form an important component of the ethical framework. References Gupta, C.B. (2007), Human Resource Management (3rd Edition), New Delhi: Sultan Chand and Sons. Kettner, P. M. (2002). Achieving Excellence in the Management of Human Service Organizations. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Manning, S. S. (2003). Ethical Leadership in Human Services: A Multi-Dimensional Approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Prasad, L.M (2008), Organizational Behavior (3rd Revised Edition),New Delhi: Sultan Chand and Sons. Village of Sauk Village (2008). Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.saukvillage.org/

An Introduction About Aldi Commerce Essay

An Introduction About Aldi Commerce Essay The reason of this assignment, analysis the Porters five forces and value chain and explain how information technology affects the business (base of Porters five forces and value chain) of ALDI. ALDI is a known retail shop in UK, actually it a Germany base business organisation, its one of a medium size grocery related chain shop in UK, lat few years they are doing business in UK. Michel Porter has written difference view how do IT helps an organisation to achieve their goal and provide better service for customer, the activities what is doing by an organisation is influenced by IT, IT helping any business organisation to complete their work properly and gaining profit easily, Information technology lead an organisation to achieve the final goals of it, information technology is combine of computer base work, study, development and application, which helps an organisation to analysis the performance of it, by using Information an organisation can understand how should its go ahead fo r next step, in below I am discussing how analyzed the Porters five forces in ALDI and how they effects on the activities of ALDI, and the way how IT helps an organisation (ALDI) to improve and achieve its goal. 02. An introduction about ALDI ALDI is the short form of Albrecht Discount. Its a global discount supermarket chain based in Germany. ALDI working in UK as a medium type of supermarket. The main product of ALDI is daily necessary household product, dairy food, vegetable , alcoholic product like wine ,beer ,whisky etc .ALDI also selling difference type of dress for male, female and kids. ALDI is selling retail product, founded at 1913, founder Karl Albrecht and Theo Albrecht. The head office of ALDI is in Essen, Germany. Mathew Barness is CEO of UK operation. 03. Competitors of ALDI Local superstore Off licence Iceland Wait rose Even TESCO, Sainsbury, ASDA also competitors of ALDI. 04. Porters five forces Porter finds out five things that work together to change the work of a competitor in a business organisation (Michel E Porter-2003). Those all are- Threat of a new entrance Bargaining power of supplier Bargaining power of customer (buyer) Threat of substitute product Degree of competitive rivalry All of those forces are very important to analysis any business organisation, threat of new entrance, supplier bargaining power, customer bargaining power , substituted product, competitive rivalry all of these effect any business organisation, in below I am analysing those forces on ALDI and showing how IT helps ALDI to maintain and overcome those factors and go ahead to its goal. 04.1. Threat of the new entrance: ALDI is familiar retail shop, but there are some reasons which create the threat of new entrance. Because of economic reason ALDI need to give lower price in difference product but its not profitable. For new entrance its complicated to achieve goal to sell product in lower price. Selling product within lower price decrease the profit of an organisation and make it more difficult to achieve goal (Mahdi Khosropour-2000), as a result sale of lower price can be a risk for ALDI. Access to supply and distribution is easy but sell is not high by new entrance. Product could be sale in same price in difference store and ALDI but product are same in food retail industry so loyalty of customer is low. In these cases new entrance could be a threat for ALDI. But most of the customer of UK is brand conscious, sometimes customer care brand more than price and ALDI have some of attractive product which attract the customer and attract them to ALDI. 04.2. Bargaining power of supplier: This force indicates the power of supplier which can effect by the large grocery chain and fear the risk of large supermarket. As their have lots of small supplier of product all over the UK so the bargaining power of the supplier is fairly low for ALDI. As their have lots of supplier in market so any supplier dont want to lose their business contract with a supermarket like ALDI, as a result ALDI getting Good product within reasonable price. 04.3. Bargaining power of buyers: Customers are always careful about price and their bargaining power is too high in market, their have lots of opportunity to chose the right product on reasonable price (Edward J.szewczak. coral R Snudgrass-2002). Porter said that the more product that become standardized or undifferentiated, the lower the switching cost and hence more power is yielded to buyers. (Porter M 1980) Their have (in market) lots of competitor of ALDI where slight difference of and more standardised as the switching cost is low so buyer can move another brand too easily. To convince the customer ALDI is giving difference types of promotional offer. ALDI photo voucher Voucher code ALDI discount code Promotional code These all are to convince customer as the bargaining power of buyers are high. 04.4. Threat of substituted product: Threat of substituted is really very high for ALDI, the large supermarket like TESCO, Sainsbury, ASDA, Morison they all are bringing same product at market so customer can be more attractive to them. If ALDI give the low price for substituted product may be their sell will increase but their have a risk of lose, as gaining profit is the main purpose of a business that why substituted product is being a threat of ALDI. 04.5. Threat of new competitor: The threat of new competitor is nearly very low in food retail industry. Where lots of organisations are already doing business a new organisation cant achieve their goal easily (Dan Davis-2005) for a new retail industry its need a huge investment beside major brand like TESCO, Sainsbury, ASDA, and Morison already captured the market. In these view threat of new entry is low for ALDI. 05. How information technology effect on Porters five forces on ALDI Information technology is a combine of study, development, application, implementation and support of computer based system. Information technology is using each and every business organisation to achieve their goal easily and completely (Kathy Schwalbe-2010) ALDI is using information technology for its business purpose. In bellow I am explaining how information technology effect on ALDI (Porters five forces) Because of information technology all information is being spread to all over the world, as a result when ALDI was in new position at market IT helps it to provide information to all customer so on beginning ALDI got help from IT. Every business is being face with their supplier, IT helps ALDI to minimise the bargaining power of supplier, how do ALDI will best product in reasonable price and from where IT can gather knowledge very easily from difference source of internet, so bargaining power of supplier decrees because of information technology. On the other hand, because of information technology bargaining power of buyer is being high, customers are being able to know about product too easily, customers can collect knowledge from difference source of IT like internet, advertisement of difference media like TV, magazine and newspaper. To minimise the bargaining power of customer ALDI also getting helps From IT, ALDI is providing its promotional information to customer by advertising in difference way which is the part of IT. When any chain grocery market launch any new product on market ALDI take these information and try to create same category product as a result ALDI can survive itself with a new product. ALDI is an established chain shop, ALDI dont have too much threat of new competitors, when its face the threat of new competitors IT can help ALDI to reduce these threat. 06. Value Chain To provide the best customer every business doing the value chain analysis, Michel Porter introduce value chain analysis on business organisation, inbound logistic, operation, outbound logistic, marketing and sales, services, infrastructure, HR, technological development, procurement those all are included in value chain. (Michel Porter-1985). In below I am showing value chain as activities of an organisation. 06.1. Activities of ALDI Activities means the work of any organisation, business activities means the business related work for any business organisation. Business activities helps any business improve their profit, how good a business doing is depends on the activities of those business (Kathy Schwalbe-2010), so improve any business, business need to be more active and conscious about the business activities, their have two difference part of any retail business activities, so we can define the activities of ALDI in two parts, those ares- Primary activity Secondary activity 06.1.1. Primary Activities: Primary activities means the primary work of any organisation, a business organisation is doing their primary activities to collect product from supplier, payment of supplier. Bring product to store, store product to warehouse, and decorate the product to shop floor, marketing of product, sales and delivery of product those all are part of primary activities. To make easy the business activities every business organisation is doing their primary activities in two ways, which helps any business to complete their activities easily (Carroll W. Frenzel Jonn C. Frenzel-2004) ALDI is doing their primary activities in two ways- Inbound logistic Outbound logistic Product which are use for sale -receive, store and disseminating process of those product is called logistic. Inbound logistic: The process of a business organisation collect product (product for sale) is called inbound logistic. The way ALDI is doing their inbound logistic those are- Every business need to order to their supplier for the product, thats the first work of inbound logistic, thats the first step of getting product , in these stage ALDI orders to their suppliers for product When ALDI orders to supplier, supplier approves the order and send product to the difference store of ALDI To get right product in right ALDI do kitting and sequencing For quality control ALDI is doing inspection, replying and differencing ALDI manage a good relationship and cash flow with supplier by vendor And managed inventory When all the process become finish ALDI store the product in their warehouse Outbound Logistic: Gaining profit is the main purpose of any business organisation, without profit a business cant run their business, to achieve profit business need to provide service or product or to customer(Mahdi Khosrowpour-2000). The process of a business organisation to distribute the product or service to customer is called outbound logistic. Process of outbound logistic in ALDI: ALDI follow a process for its outbound Logistic, Marketing Sale Delivery Marketing: The way business give knowledge to customer about their product is called marketing, to attract the people about people business need to do marketing about product. Their have lots of way to do marketing, giving advertisement to difference media like newspaper, TV, magazine, talk to customer directly those all are way of marketing. To achieve any business you need to make aware about your product to customer, ALDI is making aware customer about their product by giving advertisement on difference media like newspaper, TV and magazine. Sale: Sale is the one of major function of business (Dan Davis-2005), without sale a business cant earn profit. The way ALDI sale their product its as usual like any other retail shop, customer visit the shop and chose product, pay bill on till, ALDI also take phone reservation for special buys. Delivery: Delivery the product to customer is the final part of outbound logistic, when customer chose any product and collect these product from shop floor and pay money on till product is ready for customer, if customer make a reservation for special buy, they have to be collect product from shop. In here I want to highlight that ALDI dont do home delivery. 06.1.2. Secondary Activities: Procurement, technology development, human Resource, IT infrastructure those all are part of secondary activities (Michel E porter-2003) Procurement: Procurement is a process of buying services and products, in this process preparation, processing, demand, receipt, payment approval all are included. In below in am showing the include process of procurement for ALDI To improve the business policy of ALDI, its following a procurement process, those all are- To buy product from supplier ALDI make a plan for parching ALDI do standards of plan as its can buy best product within reasonable price Development of specification To get right product ALDI research about supplier, after research its prefer the best supplier for collecting product and select the best supplier for product Analysis of value After analysis value ALDI find out the source of finance Negotiation of price In these stage ALDI make decision to do final purchase Contract to the administration is the next procurement process after final purchase ALDI control the inventory and store product After all of these processes as a final stage ALDI do disposals and related function of disposals. Technology Development: Technology development is research and development and the use of research and development, research of a product help to improve the quality of product, by researching its possible to develop the quality of product (Ronald Zigili-1992) ALDI is doing research with the product and service and developing new product, when any other retail shop bring a new product to market ALDI research those product and develop a better product and lunch it to market as result sales increase. Technology development helping ALDI to gain the aim of ALDI, increasing sale is the most effective way to earn profit (Edward J. Szewczak. Coral R Snodgrass-2002) as sale is increasing because of technology development ALDI is gaining profit easily. Human Resource: Human resource or manpower is the main driving power for an organisation; organisation cant do anything without human resource (Edward J. Szewczak. Coral R Snodgrass-2002). Human resource means the human power who is working with an organisation, technologies supporting us in every way of life, but human have to be manage the technology, without human resource technology cant do anything. For business purpose ALDI is recruiting human resource from difference sector, for managerial level to shop floor member. A huge number of people working for ALDI, after requite a stuff ALDI trained the stuff for better service, people who is directly related with customer service they can provide better customer service by getting training , managerial level people also getting training for better service . ALDI is selecting best people for its business organisation, to recruit best people ALDI is following the recruiting process, when ALDI need any stuff, they advertise on their website and collect the application from candidate , its select the best candidate , after selection candidate need to face on interview, ALDI select the best candidate by interview and see all the quality of candidates, are they qualify for work or not, by doing all of these process ALDI is bringing best people for services. Overall, its clear that the people who is working with ALDI they are the best qualify and giving best service for organisation. Infrastructure: Infrastructure is combine of people, technology, system, procedures, policies, processes and intellectual property, all of these elements are co-related with each others. ALDI is maintaining a good relation with those chains as a result its being able to maintain a better organisation infrastructure. The stuff of ALDI is maintaining the chain of command so its being able to provide better service for customer and gaining profit easily. 07. How information technology effect on value chain of ALDI Today world is world of technology, any person or any business organisation cant do anything properly without help of technology and information technology, as ALDI is an business organisation its cant do anything without use of information technology. Firstly, Information technology influence the primary activities of ALDI, inbound logistic to outbound logistic all of these process are being success properly because of information technology , information technology helps ALDI to collect products for supplier, online order to supplier, granted order by supplier, sending process(transportation) those all are being done easily because of information technology Information technology working like blood circulation in business word, now days any business cant think about their business without help of information technology (Gerge Reynolds-2009). ALDI is doing marketing using advertisement of difference media like newspaper, website, TV magazine those all are part of information technology. Information technology is helping ALDI to develop their sale, attract customer by giving difference type of advertisement is increasing sale of ALDI, customer want to collect their product as early as they need, giving phone reservation to ALDI store is making easy for customer buying product and when they come to the store, ALDI deliver their product by checking phone reservation, which are the part of information technology Considering all of those issues, I can say that information technology influencing the primary activities of ALDI. Secondly, information technology is helping ALDI to make a better procurement process and all the process are being done by using of information technology , for technology development, research and develop a new product IT helps it to collect information from difference sources , manage and recruit human resource, maintaining IT infrastructure all are being possible by using of information technology. 08. Conclusion: Today is day of information technology; information technology is affecting every step of life. Information technology is effecting the every business and every organisation, from the above we can see that how information technology influenced the business of ALDI, its also showing the how information technology helping ALDI ho to work in every step of business and how to overcome the risk of business, within less business how to achieve maximum goal of business, all of those policy are described on above.

Defining Grace :: Definition Grace Essays

Defining Grace The Dictionary of the Accademia della Crusca, dating from 16th century Italy, defines grace as "belleza... che rapisce altrui ad amore." Grace is beauty which seduces one unto love. Grace is the prayer before nourishment, it is the passing of power through blood, it is a classical muse, it is a verb, it is liberation, it is a head-ransom, it is a gazelle, it is simplicity, it is complexity, it is sanctifying, it is controversial, it is desired, it is metrical, it is ubiquitous, it is rare, it is actual. "Grace is in all, yet beyond all," quotes a medieval anchoress. According to Castiglione, grace springs from "that virtue opposite to affectation," as an unconscious extension of a certain je ne sais quoi within the soul. Grace is the nature of language, of number, of beat, of silence. Grace is pervasively elusive. Grace is fueled by its own roots in the Greek charis, with its shadows of liberality and courtesy forwarded to Latin rhetoric, as the tripartite gratia, functioning as attractiveness, favour, and gratitude. The word flushed the face of Europe in its own blushing migration from tongue to tongue, from Italian gratia to Portuguese graà §a to Spanish gracia to French grà ¢ce. Gliding from thought to pen to heritage, grace seeped over the Channel into Chaucer's father's smalltalk and a pair of listening ears waxed attentive. The patients of his Doctor's Tale questioned, "Goode fader shal I dye? Is ther no grace? is ther no remedye?" Grace is the ripping of change through the fabric of time, loosing the weave to weft in bright, unwashed strands of witty innovation. "Is not great grace to helpe him over past, Or free his feet that in the myre sticke fast?" beats the iambic pentameter of the Spenserian stanza in the Faerie Queene. Is it not grace that proved the continuance of its own exis tence, a linguistic parallel intertwining with the branches of biologic generations to produce the graciousness of freedom in both the fruits of the opposable thumb and the serpent's apple? A rugged, mottled bark of genealogy stretches gracefully into the blue sky of infinity. Grace, the present of the future, the gift of tomorrow, the cornerstone of the past, vaults us forward into the lives of our progeny and the evolution of our species. Born from the randomly graced confluence of organic chemicals in small pockets of lipid bilayers, life sparked and sputtered.

The Evolution of the American Dream Essay -- Essays on the American Dr

Comparing the perspective of the American dream in the 1920’s to the American Dream in the 1940’s and present day seems to be a repeating cycle. The American dream is always evolving and changing. The American dream for present day is similar to the dream of the 1920’s. An Ideal of the American life is to conform to what our society has determined is success. Money, materialism and status had replaced the teachings of our founding fathers in the 1920’s. A return to family values and hard work found its way back into American’s lives in the 1940’s. The same pursuit of that indulgent lifestyle that was popular in the roaring twenty’s has returned today for most Americans, many Americans are living on credit and thinking that money and the accumulation of material items can solve all problems. Through film, literature, art and music, an idealized version of what it means to be an American has changed from money, materia lism, and status of the 1920s to hard work and family values of the forties. â€Å"Money is the root of all evil†(Levit). Man and his love of money has destroyed lives since the beginning of time. Men have fought in wars over money, given up family relationships for money and done things they would have never thought that they would be capable of doing because of money. In the movie, based on F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the author demonstrates how the love and worship of money and all of the trappings that come with it can destroy lives. In the novel Jay Gatsby has lavish parties, wears expensive gaudy clothes, drives fancy cars and tries to show his former love how important and wealthy he has become. He believes a lie, that by achieving the status that most Americans, in th... ...the 1920’s hopefully in the next decade we will repeat the American dream of the 1940’s. Works Cited "Ain’t We Got Fun - Lyrics - International Lyrics Playground." International Lyrics Playground - Songs From Europe, North America and Around The World. Foreign Language Lyrics, Christmas and Holiday Lyrics! Web. 20 May 2010. . Applebee, Arthur N. The Language of Literature. Evanston, Ill.: McDougal Littell, 2006. Print. "New International Version." Bible Gateway. Web. 19 May 2010. Rockwall, Norman. Freedom From Want. About.com. Web. 19 May 2010. . The Great Gatsby. Dir. Jack Clayton. Perf. Robert Redford, Mia Farrow. Paramount Pictures, 1974. DVD.

It Pays to Fly Full-Service: Managerial Marketing

It Pays to Fly Full-Service Rene Gonzalez Jr. Ashford University Managerial Marketing BUS 620 Larry Flegle November 28, 2011 It Pays to Fly Full-Service In this essay I will create a nine-component marketing plan on flying full-service business class with Delta opposed to flying with a discounted low-fare carrier like Southwest. As the economy struggles and air travel becomes more competitive it is not easy to establish the best niche market strategy for an airline. Teplensky defined (as cited in Parrish, Cassill, & Oxenham, 2006) niche market strategy as, â€Å"an emphasis on a particular need, geographic, demographic, or product segment† (p. 95). Therefore, it would be ideal for Delta to seek a more specific niche in air travel and differentiate by precisely satisfying customers’ needs; rather than attempting to generalize broad niches that only partly satisfy customers’ needs as a whole. Company Overview/ Description of Location Delta Air Lines Inc. has their corporate headquarters in Atlanta Georgia. However, Delta Air Lines Inc. has a vast worldwide airline system. Delta serves over 160 million customers annually, and offers 356 destinations in 65 countries.Additionally, Delta has over 80 years of passenger service, more than 80,000 employees, and 700 aircraft that spread across six continents. Packed with an array of good services, Delta offers more than 13,000 daily flights, SkyMiles rewards (frequent flier plan), the world's largest airline loyalty partnership, over 50 Sky-Clubs, and an award-winning BusinessElite program (Delta Air Lines Inc. , 2011). Description of Product or Service Focusing primarily on business amenities, Delta has a worldwide collection of services for businessmen and businesswomen.They have incentive SkyBonuses, extensive Corporate Travel Agreements, and their Universal Air Travel Plans (UATP Card). The SkyBonus services allow small-to-mid-sized businesses better incentive rewards for their business travels. For example, earning more points than typical travelers, which can be easily claimed as: upgrades, flights purchases, and Sky-Club passes. Their Corporate Travel Agreement offers a greater variety of destinations with a four-in-one worldwide airline partnership. Delta even provides a dedicated account manager to handle all business travel arrangements.The UATP Card allows any businesses the means to closely manage their travel expenses with a centralized payment system. Additionally, the UATP Card has no annual fees, no deposit limits, and no per-card charges (Delta Air Lines Inc. , 2011). Other comprehensive amenities that Delta offers their business travelers are: BusinessElite, Sky Priority seating, first class services, Sky-Clubs, SkyMiles, meetings/networking, private jets, shuttling/chartering, and Wi-Fi. The BusinessElite offers gourmet meals, exquisite wines, full-size pillows, flat bed seating, priority baggage services, and state-of-the-art entertainment.Everything in Busi nessElite is intended to help customers arrive at their destination on time and refreshed. Within the Delta Sky Priority there is no need to stress or wait in lines. As a result, valuable time is saved at check-in, reservation desks, security, boarding, and baggage claim. Under the Delta meeting/network program an event organizer will coordinate group business travel with 10 or more individuals. Additionally, in an effort to make inner city transportation to-and-from the airport easier, Delta provides private shuttling/charter assistance too.Moreover, in situations that 40 or fewer personnel need to be transported Delta can ease time constraints with their transit system. Even if there is a need for a specialized private business travel arrangement Delta has 27 years of safety and heritage with their private jet services. Delta holds the highest and lonest ARG/US Platinum safety rating of any other operation. Lastly, Delta can keep businessmen and businesswomen connected whether wai ting at the terminal or in flight. Power outlets are always conveniently located within arms reach, and Wi-Fi is offered in all flights within the continental US (Delta Air Lines Inc. 2011). It is apparent that Delta has numerous amenities to offer business class travelers; currently it is just a matter of what options travelers choose to use. Description of Competitors In this case Southwest Airlines Co. (a low-cost carrier) is the identified competition. Southwest has 40 years of passenger service experience. Additionally, Southwest has an average of 3,400 daily departure flights and nearly a total of 35,000 employees. Within 2010 Southwest operated 550 Boeing 737 jets, which carried a total of 88 million passengers to 72 different cities within 37 states.As a result, Southwest is the largest domestic airline in the U. S. (National Transportation, 2010). Southwest offers Priority Lane access, Rapid Rewards (frequent flier plan), some in-flight Wi-Fi capabilities, and economy bever ages/snack services. However, the Rapid Rewards is limited to domestic traveling only because Southwest does not offer international flights. Also, the Wi-Fi provided is only on limited numbers of aircraft, and the beverage/snack services do not cover full meals. The high operational extent of Southwest's capabilities can illustration by their longest flight, which is between T.F. Green Airport in Rhode Island to McCarran International Airport in Nevada. The grant total for their longest flight is 2,363 miles (Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). Southwest does not appear to cater to many business class travelers’ special needs. There are some amenities that businessmen and businesswomen can take advantage of with Southwest. For example, EarlyBird Check-In, ground transportation, and Business Select fare benefits. Their EarlyBird Check-In allows for early seat selection, and no penalties when changing flights.Additionally, Southwest offers ground transportation within immediate ar eas of airports. The Business Select gives Priority Lane access when boarding, premium drink, priority seating, and gives extra Rapid Reward Points. (Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). Subsequently, Southwest was founded on low fares, low costs, and dedication to the highest quality of customer service (Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). As a result of Southwest's strategy is an example of sacrifices differentiation by focusing on low-fares. Notably, Southwest does employ a actic to somewhat distinguish their self between other low-fare carriers–they pride on providing the highest quality of customer service as possible. Southwest's plan is to deliver superior customer service with a sense of warmth, friendliness, and individual pride, which will shift more consumers their way (Southwest Airlines Co. , 2011). Nevertheless, Southwest's tactic is seemingly insignificant, but Delta should consider this when designing their new marketing plan by ensuring they too offer superior custome r service. Executive Summary of Marketing PlanDelta has numerous business class amenities that need to be reviewed to determine their demand. Is it necessary to have every amenity offered at every location Delta serves, or can some be excluded? Could some amenities be combined to increase efficiency? The objective is to get rid of amenities that are not desired and concentration more on efficiency across all Delta divisions. Thus, satisfying business class needs with geographic attentiveness. It is important not to just implement amenities for the sake of implementation.Delta needs to understand business class consumer needs, and should develop suitable amenities for them. Delta can learn from their current business class consumers by giving surveys before, during, or after flights. It wound be even more efficient to utilize technology (Internet) because it would be cheaper to e-mail surveys instead of hand mailing or handing them out on flights. Additionally, other avenues should b e adopted too; more interactive and crafty methods could help in attaining vital survey information (determine amenity demand).For example, incentive sweepstakes with the option of meeting popular musicians or actors to entice more people into completing surveys. Mullins (2010) stated, â€Å"The advent of new digital media—from the Internet to e-mail to text messaging via mobile telephones—has opened a vast array of new opportunities to take integrated marketing communication —IMC for short—to a whole new level† (p 342). Notably, Delta cannot attempt to utilize the same survey gathering methods in every region of the world. Obviously, popular musicians and actors will differ between regions in the world.Similar to how the demand of business class amenities will likely differ too. Delta's advertisement campaign will be directed toward business class travelers, and will need to effectively communicate the value of choosing full-serve oppose to low-co st. Additionally, a universal consumer appeal will need to be used (where applicable) as long as effective communication is not sacrificed. Much deliberation should be put forth to prevent negative emotions, and that the correct target market is reached.Moreover, the used of new technological interactive forms of advertisement would be ideal, which can also double as a medium to gather extra consumer information. For example, concentrating advertisements in big cities and employing smartphone-barcodes that feature interactive games or sweepstakes. Note, to conserve on campaign expenses advertisement efforts should decrease as distance extents outside of city limits–due to likelihood of a smaller business class population. In summary the current situation for Delta is having a vast unfocused business amenity operation without geographic specification.Additionally, their competition is low-cost airlines like Southwest who does not seek to differentiate their operations by satis fying specific business class consumer demands. Therefore, Delta's strategy can capitalize on shortfalls of low-cost carriers and differentiation by providing superior business quality travel with efficiency. Resulting from Delta maximizing information gathering and improving efficient operations they will save valuable capital. This will allow Delta to remain moderately cost competitive with low-fare carriers like Southwest.The last concern is how Delta will successfully reach the proper target market to spread the word –â€Å"It pays to fly full-service. † Description of the Target Market Airline travel is a homogeneous market however every traveler does not desire the same exact benefit (Mullins & Walker, 2010). For example, Southwest primarily focuses on low-fares, but Delta seeks to differentiate by superior product quality and performance. Consequently, consumers that value low-cost air travel will likely choose Southwest–Right? No, a low-cost carrier is n ot always the best option based on lowest price alone.A main concern of Delta will be how to influence business class consumers to fly full-service opposed to flying with other discounted low-fare carriers. A strategic advertisement campaign will be used to prove Delta's worthiness, but reaching the correct target market is important. Within the broad market of air travel some consumers will seek absolute low-cost, others will be unsure (low-cost or full-service), and there will be those that clearly favor full-service. For those consumers that seek absolute low-cost or are unsure, Delta needs to reach out to them.Delta can justify how they are more suitable through proper geographic-advertisement–by offering regionally specific business class amenities. Additionally, by focusing on the most efficient operation process possible, Delta can help keep pricing lower. As a result, consumers can notice it is reasonable to switch despite prices being moderately higher with Delta. Fo r advertisements to reach the correct target market there are three ways Delta can identify their business class travelers: market segmentation, target marketing, and positioning.Segmentation decisions are best made in one of three ways: who, where, and how they behave (Mullins & Walker, 2010, p. 181). Businessmen and businesswomen are who the consumers are, cities worldwide are where they are (primarily), and how they behave is relevant the business amenities they use/require when traveling between worldwide. Demographically, business class individuals come in different ethnicities, sizes, ages, and sex. Geographically, they are located worldwide primarily in big cities and decreases outward toward rural areas.Behaviorally, business class individuals travel frequent; adhere to tight schedules, utilized technology frequently, etc. Preferably, Delta can learn from the past mistakes of others and take advantage of proper global market segmentation. Historically global market segmentat ion has been incorrect discerning that one country segment is the same as another (Mullins & Walker, 2010, pp. 197-231). All countries do not fall within the same segment, and Delta can capitalize by specifically enhancing business travel in different regions around the orld. For example, the city of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates is a rapidly developing country. Delta can acknowledge a large European business and American business influence in the region. As a result, should geographically cater to specific business class amenities between the regions. By recognizing the United States, Europe, Asia, etc. as different segments and understanding where the segments are influencing each other–businesswise–will give Delta the advantage to better differentiate. Marketing BudgetDelta is currently investing $2 billion through 2013 into facilities, products, services, and technology, which is intended to better enhance customer experiences (Delta Air Lines Inc. , 2011). Tha t along with the capital saved from developing more efficient processes with geographic specification should give leeway in a new marketing budget. Managers must hold vital roles in implementing or eliminating operation and/or amenities, both domestically and internationally. However, uniformity should be kept to insure proper communication between global regions is well organized.A single system for regulation (implementation or elimination) will facilitate cooperation between every location Delta serves (Mullins & Walker, 2010). Pricing Strategy Airlines are price competitive conscientious, but still need to understand consumer needs, and how to satisfy them in order to make a profit. It is not always best to solely concentrate on lowest pricing. Regarding low-cost and differentiation (Mullins, 2010) stated, â€Å"Businesses taking the low-cost approach typically compete primarily by offering the lowest prices in the industry.Such prices allow little room for the firm to make the investments or cover the costs inherent in maintaining superior product quality, performance, or service over time† (p. 442). Therefore, if Delta seeks to correctly satisfy specific niches (business class travelers) with superior quality, and performance they cannot primarily focus on lowermost competitive pricing solely. Additionally, utilizing a competition-based pricing strategy (relies on pricing habits of competitors) Delta can place their pricing moderately above competitors' ricing, which can help provided better creditability. In some cases, an airline's consumer perception of quality is degraded if their pricing offered is the lowest compared to other airlines. For example, consumers may assume the lowest priced airline(s) are less safe, have subpar aircrafts, etc. Lastly, lower pricing adversely affects the profit margin, and budgeting, which would hinder Delta's ability to provide superior quality, and performance into the future (Anderson, 2011). Investment Saving sDelta has much to consider when evaluating what amenities should be offered to their business class consumers. Delta will need to assess what processes should be removed or included. Additionally, there are many environmental issues that negatively affect airline efficiency and pricing today that Delta will need to take into account as well. For example, struggling economy, increased fuel expenses/depleting fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions/global warming, consumer safety, etc.It is key to understand what business class consumers are willing to pay for, what they do not necessarily desire, and how foreseen/unforeseen environmental issues could adversely affect airline operations. Delta will need to focus on efficiency that will eliminate fraud, waste, and abuse. Thus, saving valuable capital, which can be put towards future efforts to adapt and overcome negative environmental airline issues. For example, increasing R;D (Research and Development) funding.R;D goals could be to s eek alternative fuel (green energy) aircraft engines, or at least streamlining the current fossil fuel engines to conserve expensive jet fuel. Additionally, strategic upper management decision-making (efficient implementation or elimination) will keep Delta moderately price competitive while brining in significant future profits. Summary and Implementation Plan Implementation of a new marketing plan is not unnecessary. Delta has the need for a new marketing plan as technology spreads worldwide and new economies are rapidly growing is distance regions.Business efforts of regions are helping to influence and advance other regions. Therefore, increasing the need for efficient business class travel, and justifies a new marketing plan. Delta will need to prove it is best to fly full-service business class opposed to flying with other discounted low-fare carriers like Southwest. The implemented marketing plan will be centered on Delta taking an analyzer strategy to defend and differentiat ion–with efficient and superior business quality travel. Management, across all regions will take a crucial role in regulating the new marketing plan.As a result, Delta will defend by keeping cost relatively low, which will save capital and bring in profits. Additionally, Delta will be able differentiate with superior business quality travel worldwide. Also due to technological advancement efforts Delta's R&D will avoid other airlines surpassing them, and countering future adverse environmental airline issues (Croteau, 2001). In conclusions a nine-component marketing plan on flying full-service business class with Delta opposed to flying with other discounted low-fare carrier like Southwest was gives.Delta is primarily a well-established airline company. In order for Delta to continue progression into the future they will need to seek more specific niches within their current markets. Additionally, Delta operates worldwide, and needs to adjust to geographic deviations between regional markets. Always looking forward Delta will also need to support future adaption to negative environmental issues. Ultimately, Delta can take the analyzer strategy and strategic managerial oversight to lead Delta's new marketing plan to a triumph.By defending/differentiate with precision customer satisfaction (business class traveler needs) Delta can gain superior product quality and performance. Thus, proving it pays to fly full-service oppose to low-cost. References Anderson, A. (2011). The Disadvantages of an Everyday Low Pricing Strategy. Retrieved November 22, 2011, from Chron : http://smallbusiness. chron. com/disadvantages-everyday-low-pricing-strategy-23379. html Croteau, A. (2001). An information technology trilogy: business strategy, technological deployment and organizational performance. The

Biag ni Lam-ang

Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang) is an epic poem of the Ilokano people from the Ilocos region of the Philippines. Recited and written in the original Iloko, the poem is believed to be a composite work of various poets who passed it on through the generations, and was first transcribed around 1640 by a blind Ilokano bard named Pedro Bucaneg. Lam-ang is an extraordinary being, manifesting when he begins to speak in his early years, thus enabling him to choose his own name.His adventures begin when his father, Don Juan, set out for a battle but never returned. At barely nine months, Lam-ang goes to search for Don Juan in the highlands where the latter was said to have gone. Aware that her child was a blessed, exceptional creature, his mother Namongan allows him to go. Lam-ang then goes off in search of his father, leaving his grieving mother behind. When Lam-ang arrives at the place where Don Juan had disappeared, he is enraged to see his father’s severed head atop a bamboo pole; a scene he dreamt beforehand.Lam-ang demands to the local people why that had happened to his father, but does not receive an answer. Instead, the chieftain of the village tells him to leave under pain of suffering the same fate as his father. Lam-ang defies the caveat and bravely fights the chieftain and his tribesmen. The hero emerges victorious from the battle with little effort, avenging his murdered father. Fom this story, we can realize how the love of a son to his father and

Organisations culture Essay

1.Executive summary In this paper I look at how organisations develop ‘culture’ and how this culture can be created, manipulated and changed my management. I also look at what other factors can change and affect a companies’ culture. The paper will take the following format. A definition of culture and the problems associated with its definition. I then look at how organisationl culture develops, with an explanation of the levels of cultural analysis, a look at the various different types of culture, and the role of the leader/manager in creating the organisations culture. How culture can be changed and the skills and actions needed by management to successfully implement a cultural change. I then finish with a conclusion. 2.Defining organisational culture What is organisational culture? This it has been found, is not an easy question to answer. The concept of culture has its roots in anthropology, the study of human affairs. In this context, culture has been used to designate two different things. A tribe or a social group is studied as a ‘culture’ that produces and may have cultural artefacts. The second use of the term refers to aspects within a given culture, such as customs, rituals, knowledge and so on. (Sackman, S, 1991). In the context of organisational culture it is largely the second approach that is studied. Although people may not be aware consciously of culture, it still has a persuasive influence over their behaviour and actions. (Mullins, L, 2002). This statement explains that although we may not have the knowledge that we belong to a certain cultural group it will still have an impact on our behaviour and in an organisational sense, our working lives. The culture concept began to affect organisational thinking in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Although is it evident in ideas from a number of earlier writers, for example Bernard (1938) and Jacques (1952). If we look at a number of different of organisations it is clear to see that ‘things are done differently’. This idea applies to all organisations, even in similar companies that are operating in the same industry. Tesco provides  much the same service as Sainsburys, but on close inspection we would be able to see the differences in which the two companies operate. It is more difficult however to describe how things are ‘done differently’, or why the company ‘feels’ different. A major problem with the concept of culture is the degree to which individuals, organisations or entire communities display characteristics which are consistent within it. (Martin, J, 2001). Do all British people display characteristics that are consistent with British culture? It is clear that although there are many similarities in the behaviour of people within a defined culture, that individual differences provide some variety. The same must also be assumed in the context of organisational culture. Another problem with finding a definition for organisational culture is the sheer number of definitions that already exist. Kroeber and Kluckhorn list more than 250 definitions of culture, that include components such as ideas, concepts, ideologies values, attitudes, goals, norms, learned behaviours, symbols, rites, rituals, customs, myths, habits or artefacts such as tools and other material representations. (Sackman, S, 1991). This inevitably leads to confusion amongst researchers as to a universal definition of organisational culture. The term ‘the way we do things around here’ (Deal and Kennedy, 1988) is often accepted as an operational definition of organisational culture. However this offers little in terms of the content of culture. Kilman et al. (1985) suggests ‘culture is the reflects the ideologies, shared philosophies, values beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, expectations, and norms of an organisation’ 3.Levels of culture Now we have looked at a definition of organisational culture we should look deeper into what develops and makes up an organisations culture. According to Schein (1985), organisational culture is made up of three levels. Visible organisational structures and processes (Hard to decipher) Strategies, goals, philosophies (Espoused justification) Unconscious, taken for granted beliefs, habits of perception, thought thought and feeling (Ultimate source of values and action) The Levels of Organizational Culture, Schein, E (1985) Artefacts These form the surface level of culture. They include all the things that a person sees, hears and has contact with. In an organisation it would be the architecture of the environment such as the management hierarchy, its technology, its creations and products and its style in terms of manners of address both up and down the hierarchy, dress codes and formal procedures. Schein identifies the most important point of this level being that artefacts are easy to identify but hard to decipher. Two organisations may well have the same system in operation but they can mean different things in terms of the culture of the organisation. Schein puts his point into an example by saying both the Egyptians and Mayas built large pyramids, but they were tombs in one culture and temples in the other. This point is contradicted by Gagliardi (1990) who says ‘ones own response to physical artefacts such as buildings and other office layouts can lead to the identification of major images and root metaphors that reflect the deepest levels of culture’. This is supported by my own experience. I have worked in a supermarket, an  organisation with a tall management hierarchy. Many of the artefacts of the organisation gave the impression of a very formal culture. A strict uniformed dress code was in place, with management wearing different colours from subordinates, and formal forms of address being used. The company was also largely bureaucratic with countless forms to be filled out a large numbers of standard procedures in place. One person however may look at a very informal organisation and class it as inefficient and unproductive, while another may class it as innovative and free from unnecessary bureaucracy, this depends on the individuals previous preconceptions about the artefacts that are present. Values Values are usually one persons beliefs about a given situation. If a manager believes that at a certain time of the year his/her company should run at a lower capacity due to demand etc. This is attributed to his personal values. Only once these values are acted on, successfully implemented and accepted by the organisation do they become transformed into underlying assumptions. From a marketing perspective, some of these values may remain conscious and may be explicitly stated in a company’s mission statement as the â€Å"dominant values of the organisation† (Deal and Kennedy, 1982). Only values that are concrete that can be physically and socially validated, they are confirmed by the group’s experiences, go through his transformation process. Underlying assumptions If a solution to a problem works frequently then it is often accepted as a rule for solving the given problem. The power of culture comes forth because these assumptions are shared within the group and are therefore mutually reinforced. These assumptions can often cause problems when someone new, with a different set of underlying assumptions from a previous culture, joins the organisation. As humans we like stability. Any decision which challenges or questions an underlying assumption, such as changing a costing method, or a method of production, will likely lead to anxiety and defensiveness within the organisation. A skill required by managers wishing to change aspects of an organisations culture is to recognise this connection, to get to the deeper levels of culture, and to deal with the anxiety that results when these assumptions are changed. The three stages are linked constantly together. ‘Basic assumptions are treated as the essence- what culture really is; and values and behaviours are treated as observed manifestations of the culture essence.’ (Mullins, 2002). We are able to see now how culture is developed in term of ‘values’ being acted upon and accepted by the organisation, these values being transformed into ‘underlying assumptions’ and the artefacts of the organisation being formed by the interpretation of these underlying assumptions. 4.Types of organisational culture Handy (1993) identifies four types of organisational culture. Power culture Power cultures revolve around a focal person or small group, this person or group has absolute power throughout the entire organisation. It is often found in small entrepreneurial companies, and relies largely on trust and communication. It is normally non-bureaucratic with few formal procedures. The success of the organisation depends largely on the skill of the focal person or group. Role culture Role cultures are often largely bureaucratic, it is often described as a small number of senior managers resting on the strong pillars of the various functions of the organisation. Each person has a specified role within a function of the organisation which in turn has a specified role within  organisation as a whole. These roles are expected to be adhered to and it is rare for an individual or function to deviate into different areas of the business. Predictability and stability are two main themes within this type of culture. This type of culture often develops in large companies with large numbers of staff and a tall management hierarchy. Companies with this type of culture tend to have steady objectives and operate in largely predictive markets. Again this relates back my own experience as this type of culture is largely prevalent in supermarket chains. Task culture Task cultures recognise the objectives and goals of the organisation as being paramount. Handy describes this as a ‘net’ or ‘matrix’ culture. Power is often shared by a team of experts who are highly manoeuvrable to suit the needs of the organisation. It largely found in team or project based organisations such as consultancy firms or engineers. Person Culture Person cultures are largely individual orientated. Any structure is solely suited to aid the individuals within the organisation. There is no specific power structure with individuals having complete power over their own operations. Examples of this would be barristers chambers, architects, business consultants, individuals that have come together to share resources such as office space and admin support. Some people are more suited to different types of cultures than others. Where one person will be happy working in an organisation with a task culture, he/she may feel constricted and undervalued in a role culture environment. Another person may be the opposite and may feel secure within a largely role orientated company. An important skill for managers is being able firstly to identify the type of culture his/her organisation is operating in and then to hire the correct people for that culture, this helps in reducing any anxiety caused by  changes to underlying assumptions previously discussed. There are many other models of the types of organisational culture available to the researcher. Writings by Deal and Kennedy on the generic cultures, Ouchi’s type Z companies, and several more. The focus of this paper however is on the development and change of culture and this will be explored in the following sections. 5. Factors affecting the development of culture The role of the founder ‘Organisations do not form accidentally or spontaneously. They are â€Å"created† because one or more individuals perceive that the coordinated and concerted action of a number of people can accomplish something that an individual cannot’ (Frost,p et al. 1991) At the beginning of an organisations life the founder often has complete control over the organisation. He/she will make most of not all of the important decisions over all areas of the organisations operations. ‘Because they had the original idea, founders will typically have their own notion, based on their own cultural history and personality of how to get the idea fulfilled. (Schein, 1985). Since the founder started the group it is natural to assume that he/she also impose their thoughts, values and assumptions on the group. As new members enter the group the founders assumption will be changed and modified to suit the new organisation, but will always have the biggest impact on what becomes the organisational culture. This has large implications for the future of the organisation. If the company was founded by an informal, easy going type of person then this is the type of organisational culture that is likely to develop. Similarly if the organisation is founded by a formal, autocratic person, the company will likely develop this kind of organisational culture. This will continue to form the organisations culture and have a large influence on the actions of the company even if new leaders are brought in to the organisation. The assumptions of the founder will already be deep routed and form the basis of  the culture. Size Size affects an organisation because of the formality that is often required in larger companies. A large company with many levels of management and a large number of functions or even businesses cannot realistically operate on an informal level. This has implications for the culture of the organisation. Technology If the company uses highly technological systems and procedures in its operations ie pharmaceuticals, the cultural emphasis will be on the technical skills of its employees. A company in the service sector may have a cultural slant towards customer service. Goals and objectives What the organisation wants to achieve will also affect culture. An organisation that wishes to become a market leader may inherit cultural values that reflect that attitude, i.e. company image focused, or have a heavy marketing orientation. Environment There are many environmental factors that can affect an organisations culture, stakeholders, competitors, government etc. etc. How a company chooses to interact with each of these environmental forces will determine how the organisations culture develops. People The preferred style of work amongst both senior management and employees has a large effect on the organisations culture. If senior management attempt to implement a culture that is unacceptable to employees a reaction will  follow, industrial action, low motivation, poor productivity etc. Likewise if employees attempt to force management into following their own culture then a negative reaction will also result. i.e. relocation or the replacement of workers. (Section taken from Martin, J, Organizational Behaviour, 2001) Senior management need to realise the factors that affect an organisations culture and attempt to you analyse the likely impact major business decisions may have. Failure to do may have negative consequences for the culture and hence the success of the company. 6.Cultural change, the role of management â€Å"There is some considerable debate as to whether changing something as deep-seated as corporate culture is possible’ Writers with this view usually focus on the deeper levels of culture, the underlying assumptions. Turner (1986) supports this view by suggesting that it would not be possible to manipulate it accurately because it becomes such an integral part of the organisations fabric. Because these are taken for granted assumptions about organisational life, members cannot envision any other way of operating. Those advocating corporate culture usually focus on the surface elements of culture, the artefacts. These are more easily changed than the deeper routed assumptions. Some writers have argued that unless the deeper assumptions are changed that the company will revert back to old ways of operating. Despite these arguments there is wide consensus that cultural change should only be attempted as a last resort and after other avenues have been sought. (Cummings, Worley, 1993) A primary task of management is to control the activity of employees to best serve defined organizational interests. They can achieve this control using formalized rules (bureaucratic mechanisms), economic rewards and sanctions or values and norms about how the work is to be done (â€Å"clan† or cultural  mechanisms) (Wilkins and Ouchi, 1983; cited by Sinclair, A, 1993). This statement reflects the common view that organisational culture needs to be aligned with organisational strategy if the company is to be successful. Many companies have now realised the importance of developing strategies harmonious with the organisations culture. Sometimes however culture needs to be changed, if circumstances require an organisation to follow a particular strategic route or a significant change affects the organisation i.e. market forces, government action, rapid growth etc. then the culture will have to be adjusted to suit the strategy and external environment. Managers require many skills in order to successfully change an organisations culture. It is a lengthy process that is full of danger. Staff need to be reassured and convinced that the new culture will work, otherwise defence mechanisms and the problems discussed earlier may begin show. The following guidelines to changing culture have been cited in (Cummings, T, Worley, C, Organization development and change, 1993) 1.Clear strategic vision- the firm needs to have a clear view of its operational strategy if culture is to be changed. Managers need to know where the company is now and where it is planning on going. 2.Top-management commitment- cultural change must be managed from the top of the organisation. Senior managers need to be committed to the new culture. They must have the staying to see the changes through. 3.Symbolic leadership- executives must communicate the new culture through their own actions. Their behaviour needs to symbolise the behaviours and actions that are being sought in the entire organisation. In an example given in the text, the CEO of Dana Corporation Rene McPherson threw the companies multi-volume policy manuals into a waste paper basket during a meeting and replaced them with a one page set of principles. 4.Supporting organisational change- the culture change must also be supported by changes in the organisational structure and operations, ‘the artefacts’ as have already been discussed. They can get people aware of the behaviours required in the new culture for the organisation to be successful. 5.Selection and socialization of newcomers and termination of deviants. One of the most important methods in changing an organisations culture is hiring the right people. This is particularly prominent in management positions where the manager has influence over the behaviour of subordinates. 6.Ethical and legal sensibility- sometimes when culture change happens some employees feel they are being hard done by, maybe due to a change in roles, due a promise made during the transition that has been fulfilled. This may lead to legal battles and or resignations from the company. These steps demonstrate some of the ways that managers can influence and successfully change an organisations culture. There is of course no universal solution to changing or influencing culture, all companies are different and individual approaches are more than likely necessary for cultural change to be successful. An example of cultural change is given in (Martin, J, Organizational Behaviour, 2001). In this case study of a motor car dealership in the UK, the newly appointed managing director wanted to change the company culture. The existing culture was largely autocratic with instructions coming down the hierarchy and staff carrying out these instructions. She wanted to change the culture so that the company has a more had team based approach with decision making at team level and initiative being used at all levels of the organisation. To do this she had to use drastic tactics such as showing staff a video of disappointed customers and even accepting a loss in revenue while the changes were being made. Along with this approach she introduced many changed such as more staff training, revision of pay schemes, continuous improvement groups, multi-functional teams etc. After three years the culture change was deemed complete and she could turn her hand to the future of the company. This case study highlights the often drastic measures and level of commitment that is required by managers to introduce a culture change to an organisation. 7.Conclusion It is relatively clear that organisational culture exists and that it plays a huge part in an organisations actions and the behaviour of its employees. Very few writers now argue with this point. I have discussed how culture develops in an organisation and the different levels and types of culture that emerge. Referring back to the second part of the original question, we have seen how managers can influence and attempt to change an organisations culture and the various problems that are encountered in this process. Although there are debates as to whether an organisations culture can or cannot be changed it would seem that there is a mid-point between the two arguments. There are examples of successful culture changes and I have given one in the text. It is clear that if properly organised and implemented a cultural change can be achieved. However we cannot assume that the culture has been changed all together. If the underlying assumptions are as strong as Schein and other writers claim then these will always affect the company culture in some shape or form. If the new culture is not carefully controlled could reappear. To conclude I would say, although cultural can be changed to suit the environment and organisational strategy, that managers should be cautious take into account the underlying principles that govern the organisational culture. 8.References Martin, J, (2001), Organizational Behaviour, 2nd edn, Thomson Learning Mullins, L, (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 2nd edn, Financial Times, Prentice Hall Schein, E, (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2nd edn, Jossey-Bass Inc. Cummings, T and Worley, C, (1993), Organization Development and Change, 5th edn , West Publishing Company Sackman, S, (1991), Cultural knowledge in Organizations Exploring the Collective Mind, Sage Publications Frost, P et al. (1991), Reframing Organizational Culture, Sage Publications Sinclair, A, (1993), Approaches to organisational culture and ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, Dordrecht: Jan 1993. Vol. 12, Iss. 1; pg. 63, 11 pgs Wilson, A (2001), Understanding organisational culture and the implications for corporatemarketing, European Journal of Marketing, Bradford, Vol. 35, Iss. 3/4; pg. 353