Macro Environmental Analysis Of Italy

Political facetsThe Italian political relations and authorities are a merger of democracy and democracy, with people ‘s representatives in the parliament governing the state. Italy ‘s Chief of province is President Giorgio Napolitano. Premier Minister Silvio Berlusconi is the caput of the province in Italy. He administrates a multi-party system for successful running of the political activities. Italy was a founding member of the European Union ( EU ) . Today Italy is a member of many important international organsations like MIF, UN, G8, NATO, OECD, GATT/WTO or the OSCE. Italy has been a member of WTO since 1995 and it is besides of import to state that all EU member provinces are WTO members. So Italy ‘s trade policy is about the same as that of other members of the European Union. This fact makes clear that WTO trading spouses have less jobs in trading because of the remotion of all barriers to international trade in goods and services.Demographical facetsItaly h as developed into an industrial state, which is divided in two parts. The first portion is the industrial developed North, which is dominated by private companies. The 2nd portion is the agricultural South. The unemployment in the South is reasonably high and it is clearly to see that this portion of Italy is less developed. The Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) is one of the most of import economical indexs. For Italy the GDP is $ 1.823 trillion in 2008. But one has to maintain in head that this figure does non mention to the population. If one wants to take in this aspects one should look at the GDP ( PPP ) . For Italy this is $ 31,300 this means how much the mean individual life in Italy hast to pass. As an investor this figure might go really ready to hand because one can see how much money a state has to devour in luxury goods. Alternatively of being able to afford 1s basic demands. The existent GDP growing rate in Italy achieved an sum of -1 % in 2008. The chief industries in Ita ly are touristry, machinery, Fe and steel, chemicals, nutrient processing, fabrics, motor vehicles, vesture, footwear, ceramics. The chief resources of Italy are mined merchandises like coal, Zn, natural gas and a rough oil militias.Macro environmental analysis of IndiaPolitical facetsIndia is a democracy. The people of India elect their authoritiess at all degrees ( Union, State and local ) by a system of cosmopolitan grownup franchise ; popularly known as & A ; lsquo ; One adult male one ballot ‘ . The cardinal authorities exercises its wide administrative powers in the name of the President, whose responsibilities are mostly ceremonial. The fundamental law designates the administration of India under two subdivisions viz. the executive subdivision and Real national executive power is centered in the Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister of India. India suffered political instability for a few old ages due to the failure of any party to win an absolute bulk in Parliament. However, political stableness did non alter India ‘s economic class though it delayed certain determinations associating to the economic system.Membership of international organisations:ADB, AfDB ( nonregional member ) , ARF, ASEAN ( dialogue spouse ) , BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN ( observer ) , CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IFAD, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, LAS ( observer ) , NAM, OAS ( observer ) , PIF ( spouse ) , SCO ( observer ) , UN, UNESCO, UNWTO, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTOInternational Relationss:International dealingss ships between India and a batch of the states in our universe have been comparatively good.Trade Policy:India is a member of the World Trade Organization and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) . While take parting in its council meetings, India has been important in voicing the concerns of the underdevelo ped universe. For case, India has continued its resistance to the inclusion of such affairs as labor and environment issues and other non-tariff barriers into the WTO policies. Despite cut downing import limitations several times in the 2000, India was evaluated by the World Trade Organization in 2008 as more restrictive than similar developing economic systems, such as Brazil, China, and Russia. The WTO besides identified electricity deficits and unequal transit substructure as important restraints on trade. Its restrictiveness has been cited as a factor which has isolated it from the planetary fiscal crisis of 2008-2009 more than other states, even though it has reduced on-going economic growing.Demographical facetsIndia has a entire population of 1,17 billion people in 2009 and growing rate of 1.5 % in 2009 with an mean age of 25 old ages. India has a batch of immature people and with a Birth rate of 21.76 births/1,000 it has the highest birth rate of the three states. Little over a one-fourth of the population in India lives in metropolis ‘s with 29 % this is comparatively low. However the grade of urbanisation in India is 2,4 % wich is besides th e highest urbanisation rate of our three states. The labour force in India is the 2nd largest in the universe with 523.5 million people in 2008 it is besides the biggest of our three states. There is a batch of difference in instruction degrees in India. There is a strong line between truly high instruction and people that are non or ill educated.Comparison between Italy and IndiaPolitical facetsIndia is a democracy, Italy is a merger of democracy and democracy. This means that both states are free and people who live at that place make the determinations. The people of India elect their authorities by a ballot, which have the map of a President. Italy ‘s leader is President Giorgio Napolitano and Premier Minister Silvio Berlusconi. India is one of the major bring forthing states of coal. It besides has important sedimentations of Fe, manganese, isinglass, bauxite, Ti, Br, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil and limestone. The natural resources for Italy are chiefly mined merchandises like coal, Zn, natural gas and a rough oil militias. India is non a member of the EU like Italy, which was a founding member of the EU, however international relationships between India and a batch of other states have been comparatively good.Demographical facetsIndia has a population of 1.166.079.217 dwellers. In comparing Italy ‘s population is 58.000.000. Apart from the major difference in population, the demographical facets for India and Italy are unequal. India has a population growing rate of 1.548 % whereas Italy has a growing rate of -0.047 % . The population in India is rather immature in comparing with the population of Italy. In twelvemonth 2005 India ‘s urbanisation had an one-year rate of 2.4 % , Italy merely 0.4 % . These facts show us that there are a batch of differences between the two states.Economic facetsAs an economical index, frequently it is reffered to the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . For India the GPD is $ 3.297 trillion with an one-year growing of 6.7 % . In Italy this sum is $ 1.823 trillion with a clear smaller growing rate of -5.1 % per twelvemonth. Both states have in common that most of the GDP is made in the service sector. In Italy the service sector makes up 71 % of the entire GDP while in India it is 53.4 % . Italy ‘s major exports are precision machinery, motor vehicles ( utilitaries, luxury vehicles, bikes, scooters ) , chemicals and electric goods, but the state ‘s more celebrated exports are in the Fieldss of nutrient and vesture. India ‘s major export trade goods included technology goods, crude oil merchandises, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, treas ures and jewelry, fabrics and garments, agricultural merchandises, Fe ore and other minerals.Italy and India in comparing to The NetherlandsPolitical facetsIn the Netherlands the signifier of authorities is non similar to the 1s from India or Italy. It is a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy province. The disposal constitutionally consists of the Queen and the Cabinet Ministers. By the early eighties the Dutch public assistance province had become the most extended societal security system In the universe but the public assistance province came into crisis when disbursement rose due to dramatic high unemployment rates and hapless economic growing. The centre-right and centre-left alliances wanted the Dutch public assistance province to make new occupations and to convey the budget shortage under control. So that they reduced societal benefits, lowered the revenue enhancements and deregulated the concerns. With these solutions the economic system was recovered and the budget shortage and unemployment were reduced well. The Netherlands has a sum of 11 Parties and the major political parties are CDA ( Christian Democratic Appeal ) , PvdA ( Labour Party ) , SP ( Socialist Party ) , and VVD ( People ‘s Party for Freedom and Democracy ) . The Dutch Parliament consists of a Second Chamber and a First Chamber. Both Chamberss of parliament discuss proposed statute law and reappraisal of the actions of the cabinet. The CDA has the most seats in the Chambers.Membership of international organisations:The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system every bit good as other many-sided organisations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and International Monetary Fund.Trade Policy:In 2007 the exports of the Netherlands were $ 457.2 billion. The chief export trade goods are machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals and groceries. The Netherlands is a strong advocate of free trade and is a member of international forums like WTO and OECD. The portion of foreign trade in its GDP is more than 125 % . The Netherlands ‘ top three export spouses are Germany, Belgium and France.Demographical facetsWith 16.5 Million dwellers The Netherlands have a high population denseness of about 400 people per square kilometers. The birth rate exceeds the decease rate with 10.9/1000 people against 8.68 death/1000 population and a really high net in-migration rate with 2.72 migrants/1000 people besides contributes to this. Therefore the Dutch population increased by 50 % since the 1960 ‘s. Recently the population roar is easy worsening. The population is largely divided in middle-sized metropoliss.Economic facets between the different statesEconomic facets of the NetherlandsThe Netherlands has a comfortable and unfastened economic system, which depends to a great extent on foreign trade. Its economic system is besides noted for stabl e industrial dealingss, reasonably low unemployment and rising prices and a ample current history excess. From 2004 boulder clay 2006 the GDP went from about $ 610 billion up to $ 670 billion. The GDP per capita in the Netherlands is the highest of the tree reference states. The state has been one of the taking European states for pulling foreign direct investing and is one of the four largest investors in the US. The gait of occupation growing reached 10-year highs in 2007, but economic growing fell aggressively in 2008 as radioactive dust from the universe fiscal crisis constricted demand and raised the ghost of a recession in 2009.Main industries:Natural gas ; Dutch industry is diversified and includes a assortment of concerns that range from fabrication, excavation, and energy production to building and chemical fabrication.Economic facets of ItalyItaly has developed into an industrial state ranked by both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as the universe ‘s 7th largest economic system in USD exchange-rate footings and ten percent largest in footings of buying power para ( PPP ) by World Bank, IMF and the CIA World Factbook. More late, Italy has faced sulky economic growing and decreased international fight. Italy ‘s econ omic strength is in the processing and the fabrication of goods, chiefly in little and moderate-sized family-owned houses. The state has been less successful in footings of developing universe category transnational corporations.Economic facets of IndiaIndia has had a market based system from 1991 boulder clay now. Before that the authorities blocked a batch of the import/ export merchandises to protect the people. India achieved 9.6 % GDP growing in 2006, 9.0 % in 2007, and 6.6 % in 2008 this likely due to the planetary economic crisis seting the state on place 28 in the universe. The GDP ( buying power para ) did nevertheless turn from $ 2.816 trillion in 2006 to $ 3.069 trillion in 2007 to $ 3.297 trillion in 2008 puting India on place 5 harmonizing to the cia universe factbook.Most of this ( 53.4 % 2008 ) comes from the services sector in India.DecisionWhich state will hold the best market to export goods and merchandises to? India is a really interesting state to merchandise with. The economic system is on a strong growing flight and anticipations are that it keeps turning. All India has to make is maintain their market unfastened and maintain on working on bettering their substructure and educational system, this would besides better their GDP per capita. India has besides hardly been affected by the economic crisis of 2008/2009 Italy on the other manus has had a existent job since the beginning of the crisis, in the EU Italy has taken one of the hardest hits on GDP ( PPP ) and GDP Growth rate, nevertheless, even before the start of the crisis the Italian economic system had already been & amp ; lsquo ; sulky ‘ . In the terminal, it all depends on what goods and merchandises you are be aftering to export. Italy has few natural resources because Italy has specialized on industry and edifice luxury goods and for all this you need stuffs so exporting natural resources would be best here. In India we would export capital/consumer goods, if the economic system keeps turning as predicted than that combined with the fact that the liberalisation of import revenue enhancements continues besides adding a population of over 1 billion people. Brands it one of the biggest possible markets in the universe at this clip. Reasoning that both of the states have their advantages, the EU in Italy and the market potency of India, we prefer India to merchandise with.Beginnings:www.cia.govwww.demographic-research.orgwww.economist.comwww.geohive.comwww.oecd.orgwww.oup.comwww.wikipedia.orgwww.de.statista.comwww.economicshelp.orgwww.wiki.answers.com

Human Behavior in the Organization in Global Perspective Essay

â€Å"Does other theories developed by the foreign managerial experts are applicable in the Philippines Settings?† Human behavior in the organization had these so many theories that are developed in order to help managers and leaders utilize human individual efforts exerted to actualize goals and future desired state of the organization or company. With this, human behavior in the organization is not only limited to those countries that had developed some effective and well proven theories, it is also the basis of the other countries having trouble in managerial process of handling individual differences. So, a global sharing and giving information about the theories was executed in order to help those undeveloped countries in terms of economic status whereby, it is believed that with these theories, it could be the key for a undeveloped country to attain desired economic status. Undeveloped countries may also be pertain to the countries trying to be in the middle class countries where there is an observed desired for knowledge and information on how to make managerial skills of the persons who are in the authority to be developed or enhance. Philippines is one of those countries who is indeed, in need of these information, but the question is – â€Å"does these theories truly fit or suit here in the Philippines?† Theories are basically the systematic grouping of interdependent concepts and principles that gives a framework to a significant area of knowledge. While in designing an effective organizational structure, there are a number of principles and concepts that are interrelated and that have a predictive value for managers. The importance of theory is to provide a means of classifying significant and pertinent management information and knowledge. Theories constitute the belief system and management orientations that, consequently, affect the organization. With this, the Filipino managers and leaders had a hard time to formulate an effective pattern of processes and procedures based on the theories of other countries. It been observed that an individual’s needs are the main characters that plays the biggest role on the motivating and moving people to exert their efforts on the job. speaking of motivation, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is one of the famous and had been said to be effective on the companies and international organizations. Well, here in the Philippines, it is also observed but, it is not been fully utilized and understand by those who manages the Philippines System today. Just to illustrate, the first stage on the hierarchy of needs is the physiological needs that indicate the basic needs for sustaining life such as food, water, air, and shelter. This stage is being given full attention by Filipinos, because as part of our culture, we tend to give everything just to make sure the survival of our family members and also, we tend to extend it as giving everything that would make us feel comfortable as we live our lives. The second stage is the security needs, where it is the stage of which indicates the needs to be free from any danger, loss of job, and deprivation. The Philippine society, especial on those places where crimes are rampant, individuals are in full alert to avoid danger. Also, we Filipinos give value to our jobs. As being observed, only few have their jobs so they do whatever it takes just to make sure that they will stay holding that job given to him or her. The third stage is the affiliation or acceptance needs which include the thought of us, as human being, are social. This stage discusses the value of an individual and it is recognize by his companions and superiors. In the Philippines, respect is well observed as to the organizational processes and procedures being done inside a certain organization. Meaningful inter-personal relation is one our strengths as Filipinos where we have the characteristics of helping others and respecting their personal decisions and acts. The other 2 stages are being observed on few people inside an organization where they had their own ways of fulfilling the first 3 needs introduced by Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s theory discusses an individual as to his or her birth, potentials are present. The potential for psychological growth and health is present in every person at birth. The theory targets the individual’s motivational factors that drive the individual to do well in his or her particular job. Filipinos, are more likely the persons who are being motivated by social acceptance and love. Filipinos are fan of relating their own experiences and letting their companions feel that he, who is relating his life to the organization’s condition, trust his companions and seeking for understanding and acceptance to them. Another theory is the Skinner Operant Theory that indicates the human needs are the determinant to human behavior. Burrhaus Frederick Skinner. He believed that â€Å"the environment determines the individual behavior event if he alters the environment.† The workers can be motivated by properly creating the work environment and providing rewards or stimulus for desirable worker’s performance. It is the external environment that influences the behavior people exhibit rather than their external needs, wants, and desires. In this theory, rewards or any positive reinforces of a certain behavior are found to be more powerful than the negative and neutral reinforces, even if both sets of reinforces may be used. Since the Philippines is composed of various kinds of ethnic groups, cultural mores, dialects, regional peculiarities, religious beliefs and value system, it is difficult to say what kind of behavioral style or attitudinal orientation will best fit the prevailing environment of a Filipino organization. Culture really made innovative measures of managers difficult to prosper here in the Philippines where it should be done as it is being highly needed by the different Philippine organizations. Culture is being the hindrance of globalization especially in terms of process that may affect the human work behavior that will produce unnecessary organizational behavior. Globally accepted processes and behavioral patterns are considered to be unnecessary to adopt by the Filipino managers and leader whereby they take as infestation of our customs. Filipino traditional approach on motivating their subordinates as to which, they attack from the heart. Give importance to the things that an individual’s want and love. Also, Filipinos managers must know the abilities and capabilities of a certain work group in order for him or her to maximize the skills of the individual inside that work group. Dealing with the problems that can be a hindrance to productiveness of an individual is one thing that manager must do in order for him or her to gain respect and gain recognition of his or her efforts as the manager. Filipinos managers must show their interest to hear and take some actions regarding the problems and issues raised by the formal or informal work groups. Touching the atmosphere of work environment that the subordinates are experiencing every single day is one of the examples of making sure that you are to understand the work behavior of a specific group of subordinates in the organization. A single interest could be one of the factors why a specific group is formed. With this, the management should know about that interest and then convert it into a motivational form and introduced it to the subordinate in able for the management to get the attention of that work group and then you start on making some developing steps in order for that group to be productive. Motivation is the driving force that pushes an individual to perform acts towards the execution of his or her job. Work group is very essential for it could be the greatest factor of organizations productivity. The actions towards the job compromise the behaviors that are innate to the workers. Managers are bound to create motivational plans for every each one of his or her subordinates. Motivations are defined by needs. Effective work group is not just about the productivity itself, it is also about the development each member of the group by attaining their individual’s goals and aspirations. Managements are bound to define the motivational factors of a work group in order to respond on their needs that will result to the expected productivity. Management productivity is defined as the ratio of inputs and outputs of the managerial process being done. The management who knows how a person works and what is the forces that keeps him on doing a good job performance is a good management. Work group behaviors should be a right shape in order to classify these behaviors as effective. Making some efforts of redirecting behaviors that are essential and not properly used by the person will definitely help you to lead the work group into success. Organizational theory affirms that motivation is a matter of organizing jobs according to prevalent needs as related to situation, which if properly carried out results in efficient job structure and consequent favorable job attitudes. Theories from foreign lands are just the basis of what we have now the Filipino Management where inter-personal relationship and humanitarian way treating subordinates are the main focus. The relationship of people within the organization, the feelings people have about the structure they placed to work in, and the input of these feelings on their work are of outmost importance. With this, the manager should make adjustment on giving the subordinates motivations that can lead to effective work group behavior. Formulating our own way to management our own working potentials, environment, motivational factors and conditions will surely make us realize and actualized desired goals, our own goals as Filipinos.

Biomedical And Biopsychosocial Models

Biomedical And Biopsychosocial Models Health may be defined as ‘the absence of disease and infirmary’ (Stroebe, 2000) or alternatively ‘not merely an absence of disease or infirmary but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (World Health Organisation, 1948). One definition more elaborate than the other, the latter suggesting health is effected by other factors that cannot be physically measured. Since the start of evolution people have looked back to try to explain and understand the factors that influence human functions in relation to health and illness. Many theorists developed perspectives and models of health in order to show health professionals how to promote and improve health in society (Wade although evidence was limited it built the ground work for interesting studies that would link personality to disease (Morrisson & Bennett, 2006). Convincingly, today, it is thought two-thirds of our behaviour can be linked to our health (Morrisson & Bennet, 2006). The biopsychosoci al model is both objective and subjective in its application. With this, a humanistic approach can be taken and it is thought that behaviour disorders appear when self-actualisation is blocked. The dietitian using this model would look at a person’s lifestyle, and social and cultural factors that affect the individual’s health behaviour. Reasons behind this behaviour can be established and methods for changing it to improve health can be established.

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment Essay - 1

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment - Essay Example The company has employed over 7600 employers in the UK and overseas. M&S ultimate goal is to become a major retailer in the global market. The company has come up with strategic plans to help them achieve this goal. The first plan was launched in 2007 and aimed at achieving at attaining 100 commitments in 5 years but the plan has extended to 180 commitments to be attained by 2015 (Thompson 15). The first section of the paper analyses M&S external environment. The external environment analysis pays attention the factors affecting the company and is often referred to as the macro environment. This entails the study of the how the company deals with change in the market, how it responds to the market demands and any competitive forces in the market. The analysis of the external market is done using the PESTEL analysis and the Porter Five Forces (Baines et al. 33). The second section analyses the company’s internal environment using the SWOT analysis. Analysis of both the internal and external environment affects the strategic analysis of the company. The strategic analysis of a company helps identify the environmental factors that impact on a company (Harris 55). Additionally, it clearly outlines the activities in the organisation and outside the organisation. M&S External Environment The external environment is made up of the forces and conditions that are beyond the company’s control and influence the company’s strategic options. Furthermore, it defines the competitive forces that could have positive and negative effects on the company (Harris 55). The PESTLE model is used to analyse the classes of external factors that can affect M&S ability to expand and survive in the current competitive market. PESTLE Analysis The company’s growth depends on the political stability, business growth and investor growth in the country. The government sets rules and regulations that companies must abide by including risk control and assessment, healt h and safety and planning for hazard identification. Additionally, the legal and administrative factors in the economy including trade regulations, tax rates, incentives, pricing regulation and employee benefits (Hibbit 1998). The company has been faced by various political factors such as the war in Iraq that led to instability in the UK economy. The company failed to abide by the health and safety regulation established by the British Standards. George Blair who was injured in the line of duty after the company continued to ignore repairs also charged the company (Hibbit 1998). Finally, in 2006 the company was the first giant retailer to be affected by the Fair trade route on its clothing and food sections. This included a regulations relating to animal welfare protection and to cut down on the fat and salt content. Economic Factors The economic environment surrounding the company is highly uncertain and has huge impact on all the company’s segment including food, clothing and furniture. M&S was adversely affected by the global recession and cut down on the number of employees and closed a number of stores. The government’s legislation to increase the VAT led to a drastic decline in the company’s sales (Harris 55). However, in the recent times, the economy has had a positive

Doctor patient relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Doctor patient relationship - Essay Example Carver takes this idea further by looking at the way in which a career limits the communication skills of a person. The minimal style enhances the starkness of loss especially when it is accompanied by a distant doctor. The paper concludes that the intention of both texts is to illuminate the inequality of the doctor/patient relationship although, unlike Carver, Williams resolves this. Carver provides a hint at the answer by the family finding resolution with the baker. 'A Small, Good Thing' and 'The Girl with the Pimply Face' are initially comparable because they share the subject matter of the medical profession and the narrative techniques are superficially quite similar. The primary theme is the sensitivity of patient/doctor relationships. Williams' story focuses on the doctor's humanity; his susceptibility to desire, boredom and irresponsibility, but also his caring response to a family facing several problems. Changeability is a central quality of being human. Everyone is subject to the same whims and desires whether they are a doctor or not. He has the desire to help, gives his work freely, possesses a genuine interest in the family and does not criticise his patients when they cannot pay. On the other hand there are hints that he is nave because he does not realise the family are taking advantage of him. Furthermore his reasons for being interested in the family are ambiguous. His concern possibly stems from his attraction to the girl with acne rather than genuine professional interest. Although his interest in her is professional; he wants to help her acne and her legs, his thoughts reveal there is something about the girl that would be of interest to him whether or not she needed his attention as a doctor,. Conversely Carver treats the medical profession with suspicion, focusing on the gap between doctors and the ordinary family. Where Williams uses similar language for both the doctor and the girl, Carver uses different language. Williams emphasises the willingness of his doctor to step over professional boundaries and help the girl with advice and money whereas Carver's doctors shift the blame of Scotty's death away from themselves, emphasising that there was nothing they could do. Dr. Francis was disinclined to linger with the parents at the end and Ann feels as if he wants her to leave before she is ready. He never crosses over the professional line. Each story uses distinctive narrative methods to expound this theme. Firstly, neither story has an objective narrator. The Williams' story is told by the doctor and the language is colloquial. There is an outstanding lack of conventional grammar. Spoken words mingle with description. For example, 'What's the matter with her I asked.' (79) The effect is two-fold. Firstly it envelops the reader in the doctor's world, inviting sympathy. However it also makes him susceptible to criticism. His language is not medical and his attention darts quickly away from his patient. He is different from the traditional image of a doctor. 'For the moment at least I had lost all interest in the baby.'(80) By having access to the doctor's inner thoughts the reader is privileged to his true opinion of his patients, feelings not expected of a doctor, 'this young kid in charge of the house did something to me that I liked.'(80) On the other hand Carver's technique incorporates the inner

Composition Analysis. Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus Research Paper

Composition Analysis. Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus - Research Paper Example He spent the last forty-nine years of his life in England, which at that time was a prosperous nation and the environment was conducive to freewheeling genius as himself. He was a very successful composer. But by 1730s, both emotional and physical exhaustion took over Handel and he started concentrating on composing Sacred Oratorios. They were easier to deal with unlike Operas, which dealt with large, elaborate and expensive sets and extremely moody and unpredictable actors. The fact remains that Handel’s most famous compositions are his Oratorios. â€Å"Messiah† was composed at an astounding pace, between three and four weeks during August and September 1741. It was originally intended to be presented during the Easter of 1742. The libretto is by Charles Jennens and is drawn from King James’ Bible. It interprets the Christian doctrine of the Messiah or the Savior. Handel was disappointed with the cold reception of his previous work by the audience of London. Pro bably this is one reason behind premiering it in Dublin on 13th April, 1742. In fact he was skeptical about the reception of the Oratorio by the audience. His earlier pieces were always bonded by a strong plot and clear narrative. â€Å"Messiah† on the other hand was very loosely bound. ... He described them as: â€Å"Part One: The prophecy and realization of God’s plan to redeem mankind by the coming of the Messiah. Part Two: The accomplishment of redemption by the sacrifice of Jesus, mankind’s rejection of God’s offer, and mankind’s utter defeat when trying to oppose the power of the Almighty. Part Three: A Hymn of Thanksgiving for the final overthrow of Death.† The ‘Hallelujah’ chorus comes during the ending portion of the second part of the composition. It has a feeling of a man’s realization of coming of Christ and permeates an atmosphere of holiness when the whole chorus sings out together in magnificent homophony. The lyrics are: Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! For the Lord God Omnipotent reigneth. Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! For the Lord God omnipotent reigneth. Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! The kingdom of t his world Is become the kingdom of our Lord, And of His Christ, and of His Christ; And He shall reign for ever and ever, For ever and ever, forever and ever, King of kings, and Lord of lords, King of kings, and Lord of lords, And Lord of lords, And He shall reign, And He shall reign forever and ever, King of kings, forever and ever, And Lord of lords, Hallelujah! Hallelujah! And He shall reign forever and ever, King of kings! and Lord of lords! And He shall reign forever and ever, King of kings! and Lord of lords! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! The composer has chosen this chorus to be a high point in his composition. Thus it is richly orchestrated. It contains a continuo, lower and upper strings, trumpet and percussion in addition to the constant use of soprano, alto, tenor and bass. The

Management accounting and financial reporting Essay

Management accounting and financial reporting - Essay Example Value has been defined in more than one way. In the business world at least, the definition of value ranges from that of finance, to that of marketing. The difference in use according to these definitions are usually the common cause of conflicts with regard to the use of the term. In basic finance, value, or more specifically the value of an asset in economic terms is best defined as the sum of the future benefits, or cash flows to the company which is discounted to the present (Wallace 2008). This is more commonly referred to as the fundamental value (Hanney 2008). On the other hand, built on the argument of benefits that are to be received, value in marketing is usually linked to the asset price that the buyer is willing to pay (OKelly 2008). This is the perceived value. As value is linked to utility, which is linked to perception of future benefits to the receiver of a thing, these two definitions of value, although related in the most basic way, are usually confused when being used (Rossi III, 2009). Perceived value is the concept of true value being reflected in price of a traded commodity (Wallace 2008). This link between value and the price is held by the efficient market theory, where the price includes all the available information in the market and is a good predictor of value (OKelly 2008). Capital markets are considered efficient markets where investors are assumed to be sophisticated, rational individuals who maximise their wealth and utility, and thus only accept prices that reflect the true value of the commodity (Campbell, Owens-Jackson & Robinson 2008). This provides the link between the definition of fundamental value and the perceived value. Accounting regulatory boards have find it hard to define the concept of fair value. According to McCollum, â€Å"obtaining information relevant to fair value is one of the biggest challenges organisations and auditors face in the current market

Philosophy of Media Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Media Ethics - Essay Example I will also seek to dispel the notion that a conflict of interests develops between social science which is based on generalized information and natural sciences which focus on specifics. Roll-Hansen has argued that while the press is designed to provide independent opinion based on reliable information and well supported knowledge, discrepancy can be created based on political expediency. Hansen has focused on the need for basing reports on, "reliable knowledge" which he implies to be, "strongly confirmed by empirical investigations" and also corroborated by, "other well established knowledge". He also dwells on the need for complete knowledge and basing reports on the whole truth as is expected from witnesses during trials. In the second part of my exegesis I will dwell on how the specific events denoted by Hansen of acid rain and lifting the ban on whale hunting were not misrepresented by the media but were the result of relative ignorance of implications and that the biases had crept in due to external interests rather than representation of falsehood. Hansen feels that the media does not provide accurate information and tends to support public assumptions. Hansen cites two examples to support this hypothesis. The first is the alarm in Norway based on media reports of extensive damage to forests due to acid rain in Germany and Central Europe with reports of, "yellowing, loss of needles and gradual thinning of the tree crown with death ensuing". This created public alarm of, "forest death". Scientists at the Norwegian Institute for Forest Research (NISK) held that the threat of damage to forests due to acid rain supported by the minister of environment was, "over dramatized" and there was no reason to panic. A press conference organized by the NISK to provide balanced information of the case did not receive much attention as journalists felt it lacked a good story and they were, "disappointed". The danger of acid rain to Norwegian forests thus became firmly entrenched in public opinion. A book, "If Trees could Cry" was published with support from the Norwegian ministry of environment, prefaced by the minister who criticized the role of scientists at the NISK. Evidence that the damage could have occurred due to causes such as drought, untimely frost, fungi and so on was ignored. Public opinion was so strong, that NISK scientists fell silent and some even supported the theory, falling prey to opposition which was proving, "strenuous in the long run and not conducive to procuring economic support". Hansen feels that the journalists themselves were, "caught in bias producing mechanisms" and consistently ignored substantial facts. I feel that this argument over states the case that n ewspapers can form and sustain public opinion independently. The second case quoted is that of wide spread condemnation of the Norwegian government for permitting resumption of commercial hunting of minke whales in 1992. The charter of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) denotes that a balance between conservation and interest of the whaling industry should be maintained. The protests arose based on depletion of stocks and a stronger argument as per

Abolition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abolition - Research Paper Example Various activities supported this principle aimed at achieving that goal. The concept is historical because all countries in the world have abolished slavery, as many international organizations among them the United Nations require member countries to ratify abolitionism. Abolitionism was a major reform movement in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The doctrine to end slavery was to free millions of black people detained and used as slaves across the world. Other terms refer to abolitionism among them abolition movement and antislavery movement. The movement started by Africans resisting slave trade and slavery, eighteenth century notions regarding universally acceptable human rights, changing ideas in interpreting Christian morality, and changes in the economy status of the world (Oakes, 2013). This led to abolitionists dividing into two extremes with one group advocating for immediate end to slavery and slave trade while others fought for gradual end to the same. In the mid nineteenth century, the terminology abolitionism referred to the struggle to end slavery immediately. Early stages In the entire America and Western Europe, abolitionism was a rights movement whose proponents wanted to end set slave trade and in the process set slaves free. Bartholomew de las Casas, a Dominican priest influenced Spain to become the first European nation to legislate laws that legally abolished slavery by 1542. However, three years down the line, pressure from the bourgeoisie who were the beneficiaries forced the same country to weaken the laws reversing the gains made by early abolitionists. Evangelical Christians and Quakers fought hard against slave trade and slavery in the seventeenth century terming them un-Christian acts. The movement gained momentum in eighteenth century when rational thinkers among the elite in the society accused the beneficiaries calling the entire process a violation of human rights. It is important to note that although early abolitionis ts put in a lot of effort, the gains were not immediate as centers of slavery still existed. Centers were in Countries in South America and United States as well West Indies. The movement started in England after the Somerset’s case of 1772. Eight years later the state of Pennsylvania enacted laws that aimed at the gradual end to slavery within its area of jurisdiction (Wilson, 1990). Although there was no official law abolishing slavery in Massachusetts, the promulgation of the Massachusetts constitution ended slavery. The European colonization of countries in America increased the dependence on race-based slavery where Africans and their descendants were forced to work the farms. The process reached its apex in the sixteen century. This degree reached Great Britain’s North American colonies in the mid seventeen century. These countries later become the United States. Antislavery movements started because of the rights denied to slaves and other inhumane acts. In the United States for instance, slaves lost customary rights, passed their un-free status over to their children and respective descendants, and served for life. Individual efforts of the enslaved to free from slavery included self-purchase, escape, rebellion, and seeking redress from courts. Some of the early major revolts were in America as early as the first decade of the eighteenth century in South Carolina and New York City. Major efforts towards resistance to abolish slavery and slave trade from organizations in the United States came from Quakers, the Society of Friends who believed and spread the idea that slavery was physically dangerous and sinful to both the victim and the beneficiary. Leaders of the society including Antony Benezet from Pennsylvania and John Woolman from New Jersey

Neolithic development Essay Example for Free

Neolithic development Essay Neolithic development is characterized by the first agricultural revolution, when people moved from hunting gathering to agriculture and settlement. They developed tools for farming, pottery, spinning, and weaving. 2. The Hebrew is chosen by their God to go to the Promised Land. The Hebrew covenant with their god is characterized by the Ten Commandments that they have to follow throughout their lives. The Talmud is a set of discussions regarding Jewish laws, ethics, customs and history and is held important in Rabbinic Judaism. The Hebrews came to Palestine because some parts of it were defined as part of the Promised Land or Canaan. 3. It was Ahmose I who reunified Egypt in the 8th century by conquest and expulsion of the Hykos and reassertion of Egypt’s power over Nubia and Canaan. 4. It was the Sumerian people who invented taxation in order to make taxation easier. Sumerian scribes are record keepers, which are usually for the records of taxation. Mesopotamia was generally polytheistic, or the belief in many gods. These gods are the ones which provided them whatever they needed to survive. With the harsh environment of the Middle East, these people adapted laws that would punish offenders severely so as to avoid repetition of crimes. Egyptian and Mesopotamian religions differ with the gods they rule and the characteristics of these gods. 5. After Solomon’s death, the Hebrew state became separated, as the ten northern tribes revolted and successfully seceded to create their own kingdoms. 6. The Battle of Kadesh marked the first international peace treaty ever made, and it was between Egyptians and the Hittites. 7. Assyrians maintained political cohesion and military preparedness because they all followed only one rule, and that is of their King. 8. The Magi is a group of people from Media who were known for their religious and funerary practices of the people of ancient Persia. Zend-avesta refers to the interpretation of the Avesta or the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism in the Avestan language. Zoroaster taught religion and philosophy, about the universe and the struggle between truths and lies. Ahriman is basically the demon in Zoroastrianism and Ahura Mazda is the god. Satraps are the governors of Median and Persian empires. 9. The weaknesses of the human condition can be overcome by not overindulging or by following a simple life. Attachment and craving can be ceased by following the eightfold path. Nirvana is the state of being of a person wherein he is free from suffering and the cycle of being reborn. Human beings, like all things are impermanent, and there is no constant self. Human existence can be associated with suffering. 10. Jains preach that by cultivating a person’s own personal wisdom and control, he can achieve spiritual development. According to the Bhagavad Gita, the human condition is temporary and can still transcend to a supreme being. Dharma is the duty of a person that he must fulfill. Upanishads teach about the universal spirit and the individual soul and how both asserts an identity in an individual. Here, ascetism is characterized by doing away with wants and desires and following a life away from human indulgence. 11. Zhou China boasted of an organized medical system wherein physicians have specialties. Zhou was different in the aspect of government because it became feudal. Mandate of heaven means that the rulers are legitimately blessed by the heavens, and if the heaven would be displeased, the mandate would be revoked. 12. Yao, Shun, and Yu are the holy and virtuous mythical rulers of China who divided it into its regions. According to Confucius, the family is the basic unit of the society. A just and peaceful society would be obtained if people follow the rules. Mutual obligation would only be evident in the family, of parent and child and of husband and wife. 13. Yin and yang are the two opposing forces in any phenomenon. They are at the same time complimentary, and this is the basis of the system of correspondence in the Chinese philosophy and study of science. Daoism teaches reverence for nature, as it is a way of life. Han Feizi taught Legalism, wherein the ruler should be the one that controls the state. This is based on the concepts of his position of power, certain techniques and laws. Sima quan is a scribe of emperor Wu who made detailed biographies of Royal affairs. Tang is known as the period of golden age for arts and literature, as they called for perfection in one’s skills if they ever wished to pass the examinations of the empire. 14. Geography affected the development of Greece because it is surrounded by other areas. This made Greece a melting pot of intellectuals though this made them vulnerable to the advances of invaders. Hoplites are the soldiers of Ancient Greek, while Polis is the city state itself. Agora on the other hand, is an open place of assembly for the Greeks. Women in Athens are revered and treated highly while women in Sparta are treated inferior to the males. Messenian helots were mistreated and humiliated, and a Spartan can do anything he desire without fear of punishment to a Messenian helot. Greek’s defeat of Persia boosted their confidence and has set forward to more conquests. 15. Sophists taught philosophy and rhetoric. Socrates taught using the Socratic Method wherein you have to ask a series of questions in order to learn. He taught politics, philosophy, ethics, and many more. Socrates was executed because of his pursuit of virtue and truth, and he has praised Sparta which is the rival of Athens. Women were given more importance in the public affairs in the Hellenistic society. Solon was the founding father of the Athenian polis. Greek drama originated from Greek tragedy, wherein performances were made in various festivities. Epicurus advocated for a life without pain and with the pursuit of pleasure. 16. Mystery religion restricted to those who underwent certain secret rites or process. Greek religion is highly based on what the current ruler believes in, and the people would just follow suit. Philip II unified Greek by conquering the lands and using a great destructive army to threaten enemies to submission. The consequence of Alexander’s conquest of Macedonia is that many people aspired for his power, and when he died, the empire was divided. 17. The Bactrian camel was important because it was the only means of travel that could withstand the long arduous trade route for the Chinese. Hans used advance technologies, like cast iron and steel. Han cities were advanced with efficient agriculture and iron industry. In order to solve the poverty among peasantry, some rich Han people were stripped of their land and was given to the peasants for them to work on. The Hans invent Hydraulic powered hammer for agriculture and iron sector and winnowing machine for agriculture. Emperor Wu expanded the Chinese territory, nearly doubling its size. Buddhism in these countries aimed to resolve the problems in a simpler way of life. Korean Buddhism made variations to it because of its inconsistencies. Shinto is a Japanese religion that was native of the country and was considered once as the state religion of Japan.

Erik Eriksons Eight Psychosocial Stages

Erik Eriksons Eight Psychosocial Stages This paper explores the developmental attributes physically, cognitively and socially of two children, one male and one female, ages five and ten, respectively. This writer will identify the socio-economic status (SEC), age, gender, ethnic background, and family demographics of each of these children. The two children this writer has chosen come from similar living situations (i.e. they both live with single mothers), but have vast differences in their physical, cognitive, and social development. This paper will examine Erik Eriksons Eight Psychosocial Stages as explained by Dacey, Fiore, Travers (2009) in an effort to explain the noticeable differences in the two children that this writer has chosen to observe. These two children were chosen because they are both being raised in a single parent household, which is something that this writer can relate to, as this writer is a single mother. This writer will also explore the Cognitive Development Approach theories of Jean Piaget and A lbert Banduras Social Cognitive Learning in an attempt to further explain the significant differences in these two children. Childhood Observation Theories on Human Development Many psychologists have different perspectives when it comes to analyzing theories on human development. For the purposes of these observations, this writer has chosen to take a closer look at the views of three well known psychologists. The psychological theories of development that this paper will explore are the theories of Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura. First, this writer will discuss Erik Erikson and his Psychosocial Theory of Development. It is a widely accepted belief that, Erik Erikson was the chief proponent of a psychosocial theory of development (2009). This writer believes that Erikson had a great understanding of the human life process. Erik Erikson is best known for his ideas on Stages of Psychosocial Development and Identity Crisis. Erikson broke down the progression of human life into a series of eight stages, each of these stages being marked by a crisis that must be resolved so that the individual can move on to the next stage. It makes perfect sense that everyone should overcome a crisis in order to successfully move on to the next stage in their life. In a seminal work, Erikson used the term crisis as a developmental term that is a time of increased vulnerability and heightened potential (Erikson, 1968). Erikson also contributed to our understanding of personality as it developed and shaped over the course of the li fespan. While we must combine the theories of many psychologists in order to understand the development of humans through the lifespan, Erik Eriksons views on development seem to be the ones with which most people can closely relate. Now, we will move our attention to Jean Piaget, a man who was well ahead of his time. It has been said that, Jean Piaget was among the first researchers to study normal intellectual development (2009). Jean Piaget is credited as being one of the most significant psychologists of the twentieth century. Piaget focused his attention on the roles that cognitive mechanisms play in development. Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development consist of four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational. Piagets first stage is the Sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to about two years of age. During the Sensorimotor stage, the infant uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world, beginning with reflexes and ending with complex combinations of Sensorimotor skills (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/piaget.html). Piagets second stage of Cognitive Development is the Preoperational stage, which lasts from two to seven years of age. It is during this st age that children are able to make use of symbols and rapid growth of language occurs. The third stage of Piagets Cognitive Development is the Concrete operational stage, which lasts from seven to eleven years of age. In this stage, the child can reason about physical objects. The final stage of Piagets Cognitive Development is the Formal operational stage, which occurs from eleven years of age and up. During the Cognitive Development stage, Piaget believed that abstract thinking leads to reasoning with more complex symbols. In this stage we become increasingly competent of adult-style thinking (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/piaget.html). Lastly, the writer would like to discuss Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Learning. Banduras Social Cognitive Learning theory suggests that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. For instance, The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation (http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html). As Bandura and Walters (1963) noted, children often do not do what adults tell them to do but rather what they see adults do, hence learning by observation. There is much to be gained in the area of Social Cognitive Learning by observing others. That is, By observing others, children may acquire new responses, including socially appropriate behaviors (2009). Banduras term for observational learning is modeling. In order for effective modeling to take place, there are four conditions that must be present; these conditions include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. That is, Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences (http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html). Discussion This writer will begin by describing the subjects of her observations. For this exercise, the researcher used her son, Aidan, and, Samantha, the daughter of her friend, both of which she has known since birth. Aidan is a 5-year-old, white male with no siblings. He is raised in a single parent household and has no contact with his father. Aidan and his mother live in a very large house with the subjects grandfather on several acres of farm land. Aidan has extensive contact with his grandfather, aunts, uncles, cousins, and close family friends that are considered family. Up until recently, Aidan also had extremely close contact and a wonderfully close relationship with his grandmother and great-grandfather, both of whom have passed away within the last two years. In classifying the socio-economic status from which Aidan comes, this writer would describe it as a middle class socio-economic status. Aidan also attends private school with a very small class size. Thus he is privy to more o ne-on-one contact with his teacher, which is something that may not be available to children attending public schools. The second subject that the writer observed is, Samantha, who is a 10-year-old girl, with one male sibling (age 4). She is being raised by her single mother and has never had any contact with her father. Samantha lives in a lower-middle class neighborhood with her mother and younger brother. Before moving into her current home, Samantha grew up in an income based housing complex. Samanthas mother works full time in order to support her two children. Because of her mothers busy work schedule, Samantha spends most of her time with her maternal grandparents. Samantha is of a lower socio-economic status than the other subject of this paper, attends public school and seems to have a hard time socializing with her classmates and teachers. She also appears to struggle with anger issues and has a rather severe lack of self-confidence. Given the observations on the subjects above, the writer will now explore the developmental theories of Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura, respectively. First we will begin with Erik Erikson and his Psychosocial Theories of Development. Aidan, the researchers first subject, appears to be on track with all of Eriksons Psychosocial Stages, within his age range. For instance, In Ericksons first stage, which is by far the most important, infants should develop a sense of basic trust (2009). In Aidans case, this stage was successfully completed due to him being on a set schedule and being surrounded by warmth, care, consistency, and discipline. Though he faced a multitude of health problems during this phase of his development, the love and warmth that was bestowed upon him enabled him to successfully complete Erik Eriksons first stage. Eriksons second Psychosocial stage, Autonomy versus shame and doubt, takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control (http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial.htm). Important events associated with this stage of Psychosocial Development include gaining more control over food choices, children wanting to dress themselves and choose their own clothing, toilet training, and control of ones body functions. Aidan was very insistent about doing these things during this phase of his development. Interestingly enough, he displayed some of these behaviors during Ericksons first stage of Psychosocial Development. For example, Aidan was potty trained by the time he was 18 months old, chose his own clothes, and began trying to dress himself. This brings us to Eriksons third stage of Psychosocial Development, Initiative versus Guilt. This phase takes place during the preschool/nursery school years and is marked by children beginning to assert their power and control over the world by directing play and other social interaction (http://psychology.abo ut.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial_2.htm). Manipulation of surroundings are prevalent in this stage of a childs development, as they are building on the ability to control themselves, children now acquire some influence over others in the family (2009). This is the phase of development that Aidan is in currently, and he is definitely an assertive little boy who likes to direct play and be in charge. Aidan can be manipulative in certain situations, such as, if mommy says no, he will immediately go ask his granddaddy. Overall, this researcher feels that Aidan has successfully completed all of Erik Eriksons Psychosocial stages thus far. Now, we will discuss the researchers second subject, Samantha. Upon the researchers observations, Samantha was unsuccessful in completing the Basic trust versus mistrust phase. This writer believes that this may be due to caregivers who were inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting. The afore mentioned variables could very well have contributed to feelings of mistrust in Samantha as an infant. With that stated, Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable (http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial.htm). Samanthas mother had her at a very young age and may have been ready to deal with the complete change of life that comes with bringing a child into the world. Because of the unsuccessful completion of this first and most important stage in Samanthas development, she exhibited signs of inadequacy and self-doubt during the Autonomy versus Shame, Doubt phase, thus meaning that she was unsucc essful in completing the second stage as well. When Samantha reached the third stage of Eriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development, there seemed to be a marked improvement in her behavior, however she still displayed characteristics of a child who was very hard to deal with. It was at this time that she was enrolled in a stable preschool where she remained until it was time for her to start kindergarten. This researcher believes that this was probably the stability that Samantha was longing for and so desperately needed. Before being enrolled in preschool, it was not uncommon for her to be subjected to her mothers various relationships, which often were unsuccessful. Since Samantha has never had a father, she always became easily attached to these various men. This leads this researcher to believe that this may be an underlying reason for Samanthas lack of trust and inability to fit in with others. At this point, Samantha has now moved into Eriksons fourth stage of Psychosocial The ory of Development, Industry Inferiority. For instance, Children expand their horizons beyond the family and begin to explore the neighborhood (2009). In Samanthas case, she can best be described as a recluse. From the moment she gets home from school, she doesnt emerge from her room until it is dinnertime. This researcher feels that this is certainly not a healthy environment, as there is no communication between mother and daughter. At times, Samantha seems to be very resentful of her mother. In this researchers opinion, Samantha has not successfully completed any of Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Stages of Development thus far. The writer will now explore Jean Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development. As stated earlier, Jean Piaget believed that cognitive development means that we form more sophisticated cognitive structures as we pass through four stages: the Sensorimotor, the Preoperational, the Concrete operational, and the Formal operational (2009). The Sensorimotor stage, which begins at birth and goes to about 2 years of age, is marked by an infants ability to use their bodies to form cognitive structures. The researchers first subject, Aidan, had various complications that required physical and occupational therapy, as well as neck surgery all before two years of age. Due to these complications, he was somewhat delayed in moving from the Sensorimotor stage to the Preoperational stage. Once he got all of the physical and occupational therapies and neck surgery behind him, he rapidly moved into the Preoperational stage. During this stage, children ages 2 to 7 years, are able to make use of symbols and t here is a rapid growth in language. Aidan, being the researchers son, was taught sign language from three months of age until he was about 2 years old. The reasoning for this was so that he would be able to communicate with others before he was able to talk, but when the time for rapid growth in language came, Aidan preferred to use sign language over verbalization. After a few talks and much encouragement, Aidan soon began to chatter away. Samantha, the writers second subject, flourished throughout the Sensorimotor stage and Preoperational stage. She was a very active little girl with a great imagination and amazing verbal skills. It is the Concrete operational stage that Samantha struggles with. It is during this stage that accommodation occurs. Accommodation is Piagets term to describe the manner by which cognitive structures change (2009). Samantha seems to be unable to make rational judgments, which in turn causes her to be very manipulative. This researcher believes that this goes back to a very lax parenting style in which Samantha is treated as more of a burden than the gift that she is. The final theory to be discussed is Albert Banduras Social Cognitive Learning Theory. Simply stated, Bandura believed that we obtain information from observing other people, things, and events (2009). Bandura stresses the importance of modeling in observational learning. In Aidans case, he has been surrounded by the positive influence of modeling. He is a polite, however sometimes rambunctious little boy who knows how to use his manners. Children are like sponges, always observing and soaking up everything around them. This can sometimes lead to bad behaviors or socially appropriate behaviors. In Samanthas case, she is a product of her surroundings. This researcher believes that due to her stressful home life, Samantha only knows to act out in order to get attention. The unfortunate things about this is that the attention she gains from acting out is never the attention she desperately needs.

Baseball and American Popular Culture :: Baseball Sports Athletics American Culture Essays

Baseball is an integral part of American pop culture. Many Americans grow up with baseball, playing it before they can even count all the bases. It is glorified, taught, and fed to us. When we play baseball, we find a respect for the game. The respect we gain from playing it has turned the game into a tradition of American culture. It has formed itself into the business of professional baseball, namely major league baseball. Professional players have become recognized all over the world. They are sought out and admired by fans. Because of their popularity, these players have written books, endorsed commercial products, and found successful and rewarding careers by playing a game. According to Wallup, author of Baseball: An Informal History, baseball has been apart of our culture since the mid to late nineteenth century(Wallup, p16). Our great grandparents, grandparents, and parents have been brought up with it and our parents teach the sport to us. When the notion of baseball comes to mind, a feeling of nostalgia and tradition come to me. Many of my feelings and memories originate from my childhood. I remember a beautiful summer day. My dad and I arrived at the baseball stadium to watch the game. We walked up the concrete walkway inside the stadium. The concrete walls and floors made my surroundings drab and grey. Finally, we made it to entrance into the stadium. I came out of the dark tunnels into the bright sunlight. The first thing to catch my eye was the vivid rush of color. Underneath the fluffy white clouds and their deep blue canvas, I could look down and see players in vibrant red and blue uniforms warming up for the game. The well-watered grass on the field was a brighter green than any other grass I had seen. The outfield seemed to be so perfect. It appeared that each blade had been cut by hand. The edge of the infield, where the dark, watered-down dirt met the intensely green grass was a precise and well-defined cont rast. We sat down and I took in my surroundings. There were men walking up and down the stairs selling various concessions. They had peanuts, beer, soda, ice cream, popcorn, and many other tempting treats. The players soon finished their warm-ups and the crowd became frenzied with excitement. The game was about to start. Baseball has its own traditions in America and playing the national anthem is one of them.

My Mom is the Perfect Role Model Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay ab

"Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed to imitate them." ---― James Baldwin To write about my role models, I could have picked teachers, I could have picked people extremely influential in their field, and I could have picked models and other aesthetically pleasing individuals. But instead, I found the perfect combination of all three: my mother. There isn't one person on this earth more educational, more competent, and more aesthetically pleasing than my mother. And there isn't one person on this earth that can re-direct my role model focus from her. My mother has suffered parental loss, the threat of cancer and what might be one of the hardest things to do, raising two girls. At this stage in her life, my mother is a highly respected woman in the Psychology world, a highly respected woman in the Catholic Church, and a highly respected woman in my family. She's held us together in times... ... in Monopoly and make unfair candy trades at Halloween. I'm still the world-class flutist, playing in my room for hours at a time, tirelessly. She always finds time to go to my concerts and recitals. But I'm so much more now. I'm a young adult. Soon to be a college student. I've transcended that "reprimand and scold" stage to the "friend and daughter" stage. My mother is my life and my soul, someone that will always be a part of me, no matter how old this little bunny gets.

What Drives History? :: European Europe History

What Drives History? "History is the Essence of Innumerable Biographies" -Thomas Carlyle What drives history? Before we answer this question, we must go deeper and answer a more important question: What is history? History is, simply, all of the events, ideas, people, and occurrences that have existed in the past. These things have been driven by one common factor: individuals. Although individuals driving history may seem like a rather simple answer, it is the only one that provides no flaws. One such individual who has driven history is Martin Luther. Luther, a German monk, was an inspirational figure who struggled to encourage people to think more for themselves. Martin Luther had an unconventional way of viewing the Church at the time. Luther believed that it was wrong for the Church to sell indulgences or "forgiveness from god." Martin Luther thought that salvation could only be achieved through performing good deeds. During Luther's protesting, he created the "95 Theses," which were a list of arguments and problems against the Catholic Church. Martin Luther was a very strong leader, and through his teachings, many people began to follow him and share their beliefs. Eventually, this lead to the Reformation of the Roman Catholic Church, and caused a sect to break off, known as the Protestants. This drastic change lead to an immense conflict between both groups which eventually caused the ostracism of the Protestant sect to the Americas. This relocation created many tho ughts that influenced the rest of the world. Martin Luther's ideas and teachings not only drove history in the past, but they continue to drive the present day. Another important individual who drove history was the Italian astronomer and scientist Galileo Galilei. Galileo discovered something so important that it changed the selfish perspective that humans were the center of the universe and led to the growth of human knowledge. Utilizing mathematics and a telescope he had developed, Galileo observed that the planets revolved around the sun and not the Earth. This was a significant discovery because not only did it contradict what the church had taught, it also showed that the universe was not what it seemed. With this truth uncovered, many people began to fascinate over the universe. This triggered people to begin studying space extensively and eventually lead to present day space exploration. Galileo also left a lasting impression upon many great minds, such as Sir Isaac Newton, who used Galileo's research and theories to further his own studies such as the physical laws, and their properties.

Life Course of a Mas Murderer Essay

On April 16, 2007 one of the most devastating mass murders in U.S history occurred at a Virginia college. Seung-Hui Cho a 23 year old South Korean alone executed the killing of 33 people by securing colleges doors to prevent escape of any students. Events such as these are truly tragic and devastating to all involved. By gathering background information about Seung-Hui Cho, we can effectively examine social development theories as they relate to Cho and review my analysis that this particular occurrence was preventable. Born in South Korea, Seung-Hui Cho immigrated to America when he was 8 years old. Although Cho was a quiet well behave child he was awkwardly withdrawn and angry (cite book). Throughout school Cho was teased and bullied which could have been the cause of his average grades throughout school. Cho’s sister Sun-kyung was often in the school newspaper and was selected to attend the most elite Ivy League Universities (Schmalleger, 2009). Cho went on to attend Virginia tech where he was recognize once again for being extremely violent and was even removed from class. Cho was referred to multiple counselors and officials where he denied all thoughts of suicide and homicide. Although Cho denied these having these thoughts students that attend Virginia Tech could see the imminent risk rising with Cho. There are many social development theories that can be applied to Seung-Hui Cho but I feel that the Life Course Perspective accurately represents Cho most effectively. With the social development perspective, human development occurs on many levels simotaneously, including psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, social, and ecological (Schmalleger, 2009). Social development d heories focus on delinquencies over an extended period of time as well as transitions people go through within their life span. As the Life course perspective suggests Cho exhibited showed a distinct pattern of anti-social behavior throughout his childhood and had never committed any crimes. Cho had a hard childhood and was in the shadows of his very successful sister. Even in college Cho had no friends and began to look up to other school shooters as martyrs. Although these individuals were not his friends at all in his situation they were the closest thing to having friends. In college Cho was accused of stalking women on two different occasions, was caught taking photos of the legs of female students in class and was separated out of classes. I believe that Cho’s antisocial lifestyle along with the transition any from home eventually lead him to commit the mass murder. Cho’s anti-social lifestyle seemed to escalate to criminal behaviors from the time he went off to college until the time of the Virginia Tech shooting. I believe that this tragedy could have been prevented if the proper preventative measures and treatment techniques were taken. As a boy Cho should have been taken in for a mental evaluation but I believe the integration of his family into the American society prevented that. In high school Cho being bullied and teased could have been put to a stop by teachers and surrounding students. Also when Cho started writing gruesome poems short stories and plays he should have been recommended to a counselor. Any counselor that Cho had encounters with could have been a lot more persistent in getting to the bottom of Cho’s situations. A teacher college teacher doesn’t just separate a student from her class. Finally the two females who Cho supposedly stalked could have reported Cho and pressed charges, preventing him from escalating in criminal nature. Seung-Hui Cho may have lived a particularly difficult life but with appropriate preventative and treatment measures the Virginia Tech shooting could have been prevented. One way this could have been prevented is with the support of his family. Cho’s family should have played a larger role in providing guidance and discipline and instilling sound values in Cho. Also social institutions failed him. He was bullied in teased in schools and church which could have been the reason for him being anti-social throughout his lifespan (Seung-Hui, 2013). Finally individuals in Cho’s life should have intervened immediately and constructively when delinquent behavior first occurred. After closely reviewing Cho’s background information and examining social development theories as they relate to Cho my analysis is that the Virginia Tech shooting was preventable. References Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminology today: An integrative introduction. (5th; ed., pp. 297-341). Columbus, OH: Pearson Prentice Hal. Retrieved from http://devry.vitalsource.com/ Seung-Hui Cho. (2013). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 06:22, Jul 28, 2013, from http://www.biography.com/people/seung-hui-cho-235991.

Strategic Marketing Management

Guidelines for â€Å"Strategic Marketing Project† Elements: 1. Environmental Analysis (SWOT) 2. Identifying Customers 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis 4. Marketing Mix: The 4 P’s 5. Financial Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and Control Plan 1. Know Your Marketplace †¢ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) †¢ Trends and changes: – Market analysis – Segmentation – Prioritizing target markets 1. Know who you are selling to (market analysis, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted customers (customer analysis) 3. Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallocation of resources if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of people, monitoring and control). 5. Constant monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, internal feedback system) The most fundamental marketing concept is treating customers like you are truly interested in them. That means making sure you are meeting needs that customers perceive as important. Meeting needs is the heartland of every marketing program. A useful tool in assessing the marketplace is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the business can capitalize on them or avoid them using the firm’s strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Consumer Trends Customers †¢ Just-in-time inventory †¢ Business to business (B2B) †¢ Manufacturing mentality †¢ Industrialization of agriculture Consumers †¢ Households with fewer people †¢ Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern over the health aspect of food, with a desire for good taste †¢ Less time for meal prep Know What Is Important to Your Customer †¢ Get inside the mind of your customers †¢ Find out why they would buy from you. . . or why they would not †¢ Truly understand their needs – Intentional listening – Customer analysis – Solve their p roblems 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to your customers †¢ Competitive analysis †¢ Reallocation of resources if necessary †¢ Positioning The Value Chain The Value Chain, or value plate, does is breakdown the functions of a company into its activities to provide a way to assess the internal capacities of the business. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The â€Å"primary activities† include: inbound logistics, operations (production), outbound logistics, marketing and sales (demand), and services (maintenance). The â€Å"support activities† include: administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&D), and procurement. The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity. The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix †¢ The set of controllable variables that will accomplish the marketing objectives: †¢ Product strategy †¢ Place (distribution) strategy †¢ Promotion (communication) strategy †¢ Pricing strategy Product Strategy †¢ Portfolio of Products – Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc – Fits your strengths and weaknesses – Provides acceptable risk/return trade off – Meets needs of a particular customer segment Quality – No. 1 versus No. 2 – †¢ Service – Timely custom operations – Pre-sorting of grain or livestock quality †¢ Volume – Large and small quantities – Guaranteed volumes (contract) Example: McDonald’s Product Package †¢ Food †¢ Fast service †¢ Fun for the kids †¢ Variety â € ¢ Non-smoking †¢ Consistent product Place/Distribution Strategy †¢ Location – Delivery to multiple points Promotion Strategy †¢ Advertising – Creating TVC, Radio copy, Print ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and other advertisements on the products – Creating a logo †¢ Personal Selling Telling your customers how you create value – Having lunch with the corporate customer/vendor †¢ Public Relations – Being a good neighbor – Being involved in the community – Open house days Price Strategy Price is the cost the customer must bear in order to obtain the product. It includes: †¢ list price †¢ discounts †¢ allowances †¢ payment period †¢ credit terms Pricing Methods †¢ Value-Based Pricing – Set price based on buyers’ perception of value (rather than on the seller’s costs) †¢ Cost-Based Pricing – Add a standard markup to the cost of the pr oduct †¢ Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on following competitors’ prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting †¢ Estimate the demand given the pricing and promotion strategy. †¢ Determine expenses associated with production and marketing. †¢ Determine anticipated cash flows. †¢ Will strategy cash flow? When? †¢ What are the critical assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and Control †¢ Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants – Management of people – Monitoring and control Good luck! Strategic Marketing Management Strategic Marketing Management Sample Exam Questions Question 1: a. Is the PLC (Product life cycle) concept useful in developing Marketing strategies? Describe why or why not? What are the limitations of the PLC concept? A strategy is a fundamental pattern of present and planned objectives, resource deployments, and interactions of an organisation with markets, competitors and other environmental factors. b. What are the advantages available to Google with their Google maps (as a Pioneer firm) in the Internet search engine market? What are the advantages available to any of the follower firms in the market? c. Under what conditions to pioneer and follower strategies each have the greatest probability of long-term success? Question 2: a. Explain the term ‘sustainable competitive advantage’ b. Discuss five (5) differentiation and five (5) overall cost leadership strategies a firm can pursuer to create sustainable competitive advantages c. What are four (4) different types of businesses based on their intended rate of product-market development as proposed by Miles and Snow? d. You are the marketing manager for a generic products division of a major pharmaceutical manufacturer. Your division is a low-cost defender that maintains its position in the generic drug market by holding down its costs and selling generic products to distributors and pharmacies at very low prices. What are the implications of this business strategy for each of the 4Ps in the strategic marketing programme you would develop for your division? Question 3: a. What is market orientation? What are the advantages and drawbacks of being ‘market oriented’ for a firm like Qantas Airways? Lecture 1: Market orientation is implementing a more customer-focused approach to marketing. This involves companies that make what they can sell as opposed to selling what they can make. Market oriented companies have a broad product line and base their pricing on perceived benefits provided as opposed to production and distribution costs as Product oriented firms do. Their research is focused on identifying new opportunities and applying new technology to satisfy customer needs as opposed to product improvement and cost cutting solutions like product oriented firms. Such companies design packaging for customer convenience and use it as a promotional tool rather than to merely protect the product or reduce costs involved and they emphasise their promotion on product benefits and ability to satisfy customer needs or solve problems (as opposed to product features, quality and price). Advantages include†¦ b. Discuss the factors that mediate a marketing’s strategic role within an organisation Lecture 1: Competitive factors affect a firms market orientation Influence of different development stages across industries and global markets Strategic Inertia . Outline the major levels of strategy in most large, multi-product organisations Lecture 1: 1. Corporate Strategy: Decisions about the organisation’s scope and resource deployments across its divisions or businesses 2. Business-level strategy: How a business unit competes within its industry 3. Marketing strategy (Functional) Effective allocation and coordination of marketing resourc es and activities d. List the five components of a well-developed strategy. Lecture 1: 1. Scope (breadth of the strategic domain) 2. Goals and Objectives (What is to be accomplished) 3. Resource deployments (Allocation of limited resources) 4. Identification of sustainable competitive advantage (How the organisation will compete) 5. Synergy (Whole greater than the sum of parts) Question 5: Apple computer’s iPods holds a commanding share of the rapidly growing global market for digital music players. To maintain its lead as the market continues to grow, what strategic marketing objectives should Apple focus on and why? Which specific marketing actions would you recommend for accomplishing Apple’s objectives? Be specific with regard to each of the 4Ps in the firm’s marketing programme. Question 6. While we have seen that a business may have a number of other strategic options, the conventional wisdom suggests that a declining business should either be divested or harvested for maximum cash flow. Under what kinds of market and competitive conditions do each of these two conventional strategies make good sense? What kinds of marketing actions are typically involved in successfully implementing a harvesting strategy? Strategic Marketing Management Strategic Marketing Management Sample Exam Questions Question 1: a. Is the PLC (Product life cycle) concept useful in developing Marketing strategies? Describe why or why not? What are the limitations of the PLC concept? A strategy is a fundamental pattern of present and planned objectives, resource deployments, and interactions of an organisation with markets, competitors and other environmental factors. b. What are the advantages available to Google with their Google maps (as a Pioneer firm) in the Internet search engine market? What are the advantages available to any of the follower firms in the market? c. Under what conditions to pioneer and follower strategies each have the greatest probability of long-term success? Question 2: a. Explain the term ‘sustainable competitive advantage’ b. Discuss five (5) differentiation and five (5) overall cost leadership strategies a firm can pursuer to create sustainable competitive advantages c. What are four (4) different types of businesses based on their intended rate of product-market development as proposed by Miles and Snow? d. You are the marketing manager for a generic products division of a major pharmaceutical manufacturer. Your division is a low-cost defender that maintains its position in the generic drug market by holding down its costs and selling generic products to distributors and pharmacies at very low prices. What are the implications of this business strategy for each of the 4Ps in the strategic marketing programme you would develop for your division? Question 3: a. What is market orientation? What are the advantages and drawbacks of being ‘market oriented’ for a firm like Qantas Airways? Lecture 1: Market orientation is implementing a more customer-focused approach to marketing. This involves companies that make what they can sell as opposed to selling what they can make. Market oriented companies have a broad product line and base their pricing on perceived benefits provided as opposed to production and distribution costs as Product oriented firms do. Their research is focused on identifying new opportunities and applying new technology to satisfy customer needs as opposed to product improvement and cost cutting solutions like product oriented firms. Such companies design packaging for customer convenience and use it as a promotional tool rather than to merely protect the product or reduce costs involved and they emphasise their promotion on product benefits and ability to satisfy customer needs or solve problems (as opposed to product features, quality and price). Advantages include†¦ b. Discuss the factors that mediate a marketing’s strategic role within an organisation Lecture 1: Competitive factors affect a firms market orientation Influence of different development stages across industries and global markets Strategic Inertia . Outline the major levels of strategy in most large, multi-product organisations Lecture 1: 1. Corporate Strategy: Decisions about the organisation’s scope and resource deployments across its divisions or businesses 2. Business-level strategy: How a business unit competes within its industry 3. Marketing strategy (Functional) Effective allocation and coordination of marketing resourc es and activities d. List the five components of a well-developed strategy. Lecture 1: 1. Scope (breadth of the strategic domain) 2. Goals and Objectives (What is to be accomplished) 3. Resource deployments (Allocation of limited resources) 4. Identification of sustainable competitive advantage (How the organisation will compete) 5. Synergy (Whole greater than the sum of parts) Question 5: Apple computer’s iPods holds a commanding share of the rapidly growing global market for digital music players. To maintain its lead as the market continues to grow, what strategic marketing objectives should Apple focus on and why? Which specific marketing actions would you recommend for accomplishing Apple’s objectives? Be specific with regard to each of the 4Ps in the firm’s marketing programme. Question 6. While we have seen that a business may have a number of other strategic options, the conventional wisdom suggests that a declining business should either be divested or harvested for maximum cash flow. Under what kinds of market and competitive conditions do each of these two conventional strategies make good sense? What kinds of marketing actions are typically involved in successfully implementing a harvesting strategy? Strategic Marketing Management Guidelines for â€Å"Strategic Marketing Project† Elements: 1. Environmental Analysis (SWOT) 2. Identifying Customers 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis 4. Marketing Mix: The 4 P’s 5. Financial Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and Control Plan 1. Know Your Marketplace †¢ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) †¢ Trends and changes: – Market analysis – Segmentation – Prioritizing target markets 1. Know who you are selling to (market analysis, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted customers (customer analysis) 3. Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallocation of resources if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of people, monitoring and control). 5. Constant monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, internal feedback system) The most fundamental marketing concept is treating customers like you are truly interested in them. That means making sure you are meeting needs that customers perceive as important. Meeting needs is the heartland of every marketing program. A useful tool in assessing the marketplace is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the business can capitalize on them or avoid them using the firm’s strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Consumer Trends Customers †¢ Just-in-time inventory †¢ Business to business (B2B) †¢ Manufacturing mentality †¢ Industrialization of agriculture Consumers †¢ Households with fewer people †¢ Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern over the health aspect of food, with a desire for good taste †¢ Less time for meal prep Know What Is Important to Your Customer †¢ Get inside the mind of your customers †¢ Find out why they would buy from you. . . or why they would not †¢ Truly understand their needs – Intentional listening – Customer analysis – Solve their p roblems 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to your customers †¢ Competitive analysis †¢ Reallocation of resources if necessary †¢ Positioning The Value Chain The Value Chain, or value plate, does is breakdown the functions of a company into its activities to provide a way to assess the internal capacities of the business. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The â€Å"primary activities† include: inbound logistics, operations (production), outbound logistics, marketing and sales (demand), and services (maintenance). The â€Å"support activities† include: administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&D), and procurement. The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity. The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix †¢ The set of controllable variables that will accomplish the marketing objectives: †¢ Product strategy †¢ Place (distribution) strategy †¢ Promotion (communication) strategy †¢ Pricing strategy Product Strategy †¢ Portfolio of Products – Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc – Fits your strengths and weaknesses – Provides acceptable risk/return trade off – Meets needs of a particular customer segment Quality – No. 1 versus No. 2 – †¢ Service – Timely custom operations – Pre-sorting of grain or livestock quality †¢ Volume – Large and small quantities – Guaranteed volumes (contract) Example: McDonald’s Product Package †¢ Food †¢ Fast service †¢ Fun for the kids †¢ Variety â € ¢ Non-smoking †¢ Consistent product Place/Distribution Strategy †¢ Location – Delivery to multiple points Promotion Strategy †¢ Advertising – Creating TVC, Radio copy, Print ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and other advertisements on the products – Creating a logo †¢ Personal Selling Telling your customers how you create value – Having lunch with the corporate customer/vendor †¢ Public Relations – Being a good neighbor – Being involved in the community – Open house days Price Strategy Price is the cost the customer must bear in order to obtain the product. It includes: †¢ list price †¢ discounts †¢ allowances †¢ payment period †¢ credit terms Pricing Methods †¢ Value-Based Pricing – Set price based on buyers’ perception of value (rather than on the seller’s costs) †¢ Cost-Based Pricing – Add a standard markup to the cost of the pr oduct †¢ Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on following competitors’ prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting †¢ Estimate the demand given the pricing and promotion strategy. †¢ Determine expenses associated with production and marketing. †¢ Determine anticipated cash flows. †¢ Will strategy cash flow? When? †¢ What are the critical assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and Control †¢ Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants – Management of people – Monitoring and control Good luck! Strategic Marketing Management Guidelines for â€Å"Strategic Marketing Project† Elements: 1. Environmental Analysis (SWOT) 2. Identifying Customers 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis 4. Marketing Mix: The 4 P’s 5. Financial Analysis and Budget 6. Implementation and Control Plan 1. Know Your Marketplace †¢ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) †¢ Trends and changes: – Market analysis – Segmentation – Prioritizing target markets 1. Know who you are selling to (market analysis, segmentation, prioritizing targets) 2. Know what is important to targeted customers (customer analysis) 3. Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to targeted segments (competitive analysis, reallocation of resources if necessary, positioning, market intelligence) 4. Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants (management of people, monitoring and control). 5. Constant monitoring of changes in the market (market intelligence, market analysis, internal feedback system) The most fundamental marketing concept is treating customers like you are truly interested in them. That means making sure you are meeting needs that customers perceive as important. Meeting needs is the heartland of every marketing program. A useful tool in assessing the marketplace is SWOT. Assessing the opportunities and threats and how the business can capitalize on them or avoid them using the firm’s strengths weaknesses 2. Who Are Your Customers? Customer/Consumer Trends Customers †¢ Just-in-time inventory †¢ Business to business (B2B) †¢ Manufacturing mentality †¢ Industrialization of agriculture Consumers †¢ Households with fewer people †¢ Active, on-the-go lifestyles Concern over the health aspect of food, with a desire for good taste †¢ Less time for meal prep Know What Is Important to Your Customer †¢ Get inside the mind of your customers †¢ Find out why they would buy from you. . . or why they would not †¢ Truly understand their needs – Intentional listening – Customer analysis – Solve their p roblems 3. Competitor/Value Creation Analysis Make sure you are distinctively different from your competition in areas of importance to your customers †¢ Competitive analysis †¢ Reallocation of resources if necessary †¢ Positioning The Value Chain The Value Chain, or value plate, does is breakdown the functions of a company into its activities to provide a way to assess the internal capacities of the business. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The â€Å"primary activities† include: inbound logistics, operations (production), outbound logistics, marketing and sales (demand), and services (maintenance). The â€Å"support activities† include: administrative infrastructure management, human resource management, technology (R&D), and procurement. The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity. The value chain framework quickly made its way to the forefront of management thought as a powerful analysis tool for strategic planning. 4. Determining the Marketing Mix †¢ The set of controllable variables that will accomplish the marketing objectives: †¢ Product strategy †¢ Place (distribution) strategy †¢ Promotion (communication) strategy †¢ Pricing strategy Product Strategy †¢ Portfolio of Products – Flavors, colors, variants, blends, genres etc – Fits your strengths and weaknesses – Provides acceptable risk/return trade off – Meets needs of a particular customer segment Quality – No. 1 versus No. 2 – †¢ Service – Timely custom operations – Pre-sorting of grain or livestock quality †¢ Volume – Large and small quantities – Guaranteed volumes (contract) Example: McDonald’s Product Package †¢ Food †¢ Fast service †¢ Fun for the kids †¢ Variety â € ¢ Non-smoking †¢ Consistent product Place/Distribution Strategy †¢ Location – Delivery to multiple points Promotion Strategy †¢ Advertising – Creating TVC, Radio copy, Print ads, outdoor/hoardings ad, Posters, brochures and other advertisements on the products – Creating a logo †¢ Personal Selling Telling your customers how you create value – Having lunch with the corporate customer/vendor †¢ Public Relations – Being a good neighbor – Being involved in the community – Open house days Price Strategy Price is the cost the customer must bear in order to obtain the product. It includes: †¢ list price †¢ discounts †¢ allowances †¢ payment period †¢ credit terms Pricing Methods †¢ Value-Based Pricing – Set price based on buyers’ perception of value (rather than on the seller’s costs) †¢ Cost-Based Pricing – Add a standard markup to the cost of the pr oduct †¢ Competition-Based Pricing Set price based on following competitors’ prices 5. Financial Analysis and Budgeting †¢ Estimate the demand given the pricing and promotion strategy. †¢ Determine expenses associated with production and marketing. †¢ Determine anticipated cash flows. †¢ Will strategy cash flow? When? †¢ What are the critical assumptions of the financial analysis and what are the impacts of changes in those assumptions? 6. Implementation and Control †¢ Focus attention of everyone on delivering what the customer wants – Management of people – Monitoring and control Good luck!